Assessment of under-five immunization coverage among the population of slum areas in Mangalore taluk, India

Abstract

Background: Immunization coverage is better in urban than rural areas. However, we anticipate and argue that within the urban areas disparities and inequities persist in immunization coverage and that the socioeconomically disadvantaged, particularly those who reside in slum areas are more vulnerable and may contribute to the lower uptake of immunization. The objectives of the study were to assess the under-five immunization coverage amongst the households in slums of Mangalore taluk and to identify determinants of full immunization uptake among under 5 in the slums population and to know the reasons for non-immunization or partial immunization of children.Methods: Community Based Cross sectional study was conducted in the notified slum areas of Mangalore during August-November 2015. Information was collected from the parents regarding vaccination of their children and sociodemographic variables using a semi-structured interview schedule.Results: 88 (57.7%) of under 5 children were fully immunized, 62 (41.3%) were partially immunized in the slum areas of Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Mean age of the children in our study was found to be 35.15 months. Immunization coverage was found to be associated with the presence of immunization card, occupation of mother, knowledge about universal immunization programme (UIP), knowledge about protection offered by vaccines.Conclusions: Unfortunately, the immunization coverage was found to be very bad in the slum areas of Mangalore city, Karnataka, India. There is an urgent need to ensure that regular health education sessions are conducted. Secondly, slum areas should be the target of RCH programme with special focus on immunization related activities e.g. ensuring that all households with children should have immunization cards, as the slum areas remain the neglected section of the society due to various reasons.

Immunization status of children attending immunization clinic at a tertiary care government hospital of Agra district

“…11,12 Our study found slight male preponderance (56.3%) which was in congruence with studies by, Kumar et al, Srikanth et al, Awasthi et al and Prinja et al at 56.5%, 56.6%, 55.7%, and 55.8%. 9,[13][14][15] More than two-thirds of participants in the present study belonged to joint family structure which was in line with research by Goyal et al 16 60.7% of children in our study ere of first birth order which was also observed by Dutta et al at 63.6%. 17 Institutional deliveries accounted for 95.2% which follows the pattern indicated in researches by Gill et al, Srikanth et al and Singh et al at 97.1, 98.8 and 95.1 percentages respectively.…”

“…Similarly higher odds of no immunization for females was observed in study by Patel et al, Francis et al, and Shrivastwa et al at 1.63, 1.16, and 1.2 respectively. 5,30,31 Similar to current study place of delivery was significant for researches by Devendra et al and Rajat et al 29,32 In congruence with the present study urban residence had higher odds (1.23) of partial immunization as observed by Prinja et al 15 For mother's education, trend similar to our study was observed by Gupta et al (OR-5.8 in favor of illiterate) and Francis et al 7,30 Similar to current study mothers' occupation was significant in studies by Kumar et al and Awasthi et al 9,14 In congruence with present study Nath et al observed no immunization associated with low socioeconomic status (OR-10.8). 33 Similar to our research joint families favored no immunization in study by Nath et al with OR at 2.1.…”

“…In synchronicity with the current study higher proportion of partial immunization was observed in researches by Kumar et al and Agraawal et al at 41.3% and 44.8% respectively. 9,23 In present study most common cause for no immunization and partial immunization was shared by transport/ inaccessibility and lack of knowledge/awareness regarding vaccination at 30.8%. Similarly transport/ distance was a prominent reason in study by Ahuja On logistic regression female sex, delivery by LSCS, institutional delivery and joint family structure were determinants in favour of no immunization or partial immunization in the current study.…”

“…Various studies have explored unawareness, forgetfulness, absence of prior intimation, unavailability of vaccines, fear of side effects, lack of motivation, cultural taboos and inconvenient time or place as reasons for partial or nonimmunization. [5][6][7][8][9] Thus to provide local data this study assesses the immunization status of children attending the immunization clinic and the reasons for partial or nonimmunization.at tertiary care government hospital of Agra district.…”

Assessment of immunization status among under five children in a census town of South India

“…Among the individual vaccines, it was found that the immunization status for BCG & OPV-0 was highest, which was similar to the findings from most of the other studies. [17][18][19][20][21] These are the vaccines given at the time of birth, and the highest percentage of vaccination for these is justified as institutional delivery was reported by most, i.e., at Government and private hospitals. Immunization status for subsequent vaccines showed a downtrend.…”