Assessment of water supply system from catchment to consumers as framed in WHO water safety plans: A study from Maiduguri water treatment plant, North East Nigeria

Abstract

Water safety plan (WSP) concept of World Health Organisation based on risk management from catchment to consumers ensures safe drinking water supply by water supply utilities. Water supply system assessment is integral to effective WSP development and implementation. This study reports assessment of Maiduguri water treatment plant from catchment to consumers, toward providing baseline information for effective WSP. A cross-sectional study involving questionnaire, key informant interview, and water analysis was used to collect data on catchment, treatment units, storage, distribution system, and consumers. From the study, concentration of chemical water parameters analyzed within the treatment units was found to be increasing after coagulation, filtration, and disinfection stage, such as (SO 4 : 19-26 mg/l at final water); (total alkalinity: 79-102 mg/l after coagulation); and (PO 4 : 0.23-0.31 mg/l after filtration), and household storage containers were also infected microbiologically with such as Escherichia Coli. According to the questionnaire, there are low home treatment practices (30%) and low level of water quantity satisfaction (16%) by the consumers; however, some (56.5%) were satisfied with the water quality. The study identified the barriers to effective water services delivery at different stages of the water supply system, which includes heavy sludge and biofilm growth in sedimentation tanks and reservoirs, and manual injection of treatment chemicals within the treatment units; pipeline damages, blockages, leakages, intermittent water supply and illegal connections along the distribution line; and poor water collection and storage practices at consumers point. Therefore, commitment by relevant stakeholders is paramount for effective WSP implementation to protect public health in the study area.

Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Assessment of Groundwater Boreholes for Aquaculture in Internally Displaced People's (IDPs) Camps in Arid Zone Nigeria

“…In the present study, all the physico-chemical parameters explored were in consonance with the optimum range for survival and growth of fish 13,15 , except few parameters including dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness and calcium. This observation corroborates the previous report by Mustapha et al 16 , who investigate the the water supply system from Maiduguri water treatment plant. These authors found similar temperature, pH, sodium, potassium and magnesium range values that fell within the standard recommended range for aquaculture.…”

“…Similar to this study, Mustapha et al 16 and Hyeladi and Nwagilari 9 found the total hardness groundwater boreholes in Maiduguri to be less than 50 CaCO 3 mg LG 1 and classified as soft water based on the classification of Hori et al 17 . Jimme et al 8 , however, reported that deep and wash boreholes in Maiduguri based on total hardness varied from slightly hard (105.0 mg LG 1 ) to very hard (519.0 mg LG 1 ) as classified by Hori et al 17 .…”

The Impact of Telework Work-Family Conflict and Work Overload on Work Stress During the Covid-19 Pandemic 2020-2022 (Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis)

“…The data, extracted in CSV and RIS formats, undergoes processing through VOSviewer. The article search is confined to the previously identified keywords, and database searches are restricted to the timeframe from 2020 to 2022, resulting in the retrieval of 284 articles (Mustapha et al, 2021).…”

Accomplishment of water safety plan using quality assurance tool in 2020-2021: A case study in a western city of Gilan province, Iran

“…Isfahan's drinking water supply system in Iran as a pilot in 2011 implemented a water safety plan (14). The main aim of WSP is to prevent contamination of raw water sources, to eliminate water contamination by treatment, and to prevent secondary contamination during storage, distribution, and use (16)(17)(18)(19). That is the reason for the superiority of this plan over traditional methods of water quality assessment.…”