Assessment of X-ray shielding properties of polystyrene incorporated with different nano-sizes of PbO

Thermally conductive phase-change materials (PCMs) were produced using the crosslinked Poly (Styrene-block-Ethylene Glycol Di Methyl Methacrylate) (PS-PEG DM) copolymer by employing boron nitride (BN)/lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) methods were used to research the phase transition temperatures, the phase-change enthalpies (melting enthalpy (ΔHm), and crystallization enthalpies (ΔHc)). The thermal conductivities (λ) of the PS-PEG/BN/PbO PCM nanocomposites were investigated. The λ value of PS-PEG/BN/PbO PCM nanocomposite containing BN 13 wt%, PbO 60.90 wt%, and PS-PEG 26.10 wt% was determined to be 18.874 W/(mK). The crystallization fraction (Fc) values of PS-PEG (1000), PS-PEG (1500), and PS-PEG (10,000) copolymers were 0.032, 0.034, and 0.063, respectively. XRD results of the PCM nanocomposites showed that the sharp diffraction peaks at 17.00 and 25.28 °C of the PS-PEG copolymer belonged to the PEG part. Since the PS-PEG/PbO and the PS-PEG/PbO/BN nanocomposites show remarkable thermal conductivity performance, they can be used as conductive polymer nanocomposites for effective heat dissipation in heat exchangers, power electronics, electric motors, generators, communication, and lighting equipment. At the same time, according to our results, PCM nanocomposites can be considered as heat storage materials in energy storage systems.

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“…The distance values between the planes corresponding to 2θ = 32.73°, 37.97°, 45.24°, and 53.24° values are 2.733

, 2.367

, 2.002

, and 1.719

, respectively. The XRD patterns obtained for PbO are compatible with the literature [ 88 , 89 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Thermal Conductivity and Phase-Change Properties of Boron Nitride–Lead Oxide Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Nanocomposites

et al. 2023

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“…In the design of PBMs for radiation shielding, the use of nanofillers can be convenient to shield low-energy X-rays. In fact, several studies have demonstrated that nanostructured PBMs are able to absorb more low-energy photons compared to those reinforced with larger particle sizes [14,15]. This behavior can be ascribed to the increase in electron density within the material in the presence of nanoparticles.…”

Section: Radiation Sources and Pbm Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compounds like boron carbide (B 4 C) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in nanomaterial form, particularly nano-B 4 C and nano-hBN dispersed in polymer matrix, have demonstrated enhanced thermal neutron attenuation [12]. The positive effect of using nanosized fillers can be related to their surface-to-volume ratio, which increases the interactions with radiation, enhancing the shielding effectiveness [13][14][15][16]. Boron and its low-Z compounds, like B 4 C and hBN, prove suitable for space neutron-shielding applications, while heavier elements are less convenient due to their high atomic weight, leading to fragmentation and the generation of secondary radiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances and Challenges in Polymer-Based Materials for Space Radiation Shielding

Toto,

Lambertini,

Laurenzi

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Space exploration requires the use of suitable materials to protect astronauts and structures from the hazardous effects of radiation, in particular, ionizing radiation, which is ubiquitous in the hostile space environment. In this scenario, polymer-based materials and composites play a crucial role in achieving effective radiation shielding while providing low-weight and tailored mechanical properties to spacecraft components. This work provides an overview of the latest developments and challenges in polymer-based materials designed for radiation-shielding applications in space. Recent advances in terms of both experimental and numerical studies are discussed. Different approaches to enhancing the radiation-shielding performance are reported, such as integrating various types of nanofillers within polymer matrices and optimizing the materials design. Furthermore, this review explores the challenges in developing multifunctional materials that are able to provide radiation protection. By summarizing the state-of-the-art research and identifying emerging trends, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to identify polymer materials and composites that are most useful to protect human health and spacecraft performance in the harsh radiation conditions that are typically found during missions in space.

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“…Moreover, they often fall short in shielding and pose toxicity hazards as well as environmental concerns during disposal. Heavy element-reinforced polymers are a good alternative to use when making radiation shields due to their lightweight nature and the ability to form in a way that makes them useful for a variety of radiation protection applications, such as the creation of radiation-resistant clothing [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposite-Supported Polymeric Composites Prepared with Different Deposition Bases: Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

Fayyadh,

Ben Ahmed

2024

Physics

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This study deals with the preparation of magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) via a coprecipitation method using several precipitation bases: binary precipitator (NH4OH), mono precipitator (NaOH), and weak precipitator (Ca(OH)2). The prepared magnetite NPs were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, surface area analysis, magnetic properties, Fourier-transformed infrared spectra (FT-IR), and ultra-violet UV–visible spectra. As a result, the phases of the produced magnetite NPs were unaffected by the use of various bases, but their crystallite sizes were affected. It was found that the binary base provided the smallest crystallite size, the mono base provided an average size, and the weak base provided the largest crystallite size. The UV–visible absorption spectroscopy investigation revealed that the absorption and the energy gap rose with a reduction in nanoparticle size. The prepared magnetite NPs were used to manufacture polymeric-based nanocomposites employed as protective shields from low-energy X-rays that are light in weight. These samples were identified using XRD, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and FT-IR spectroscopy. The crystallite size was slightly larger than it was in the case of magnetite NPs. This is consistent with the results of AFM. The interference between the two phases was observed in the results of the FT-IR spectra. The effects of the size of the magnetite NPs on the attenuation tests, linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, and mean free path were investigated. The results showed that the efficiency of using manufactured shields increases with the decrease in the NPs size of the magnetite used as a reinforcement phase for a range of low operating voltages.

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Assessment of X-ray shielding properties of polystyrene incorporated with different nano-sizes of PbO

Cited by 20 publications

References 68 publications

Thermal Conductivity and Phase-Change Properties of Boron Nitride–Lead Oxide Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Nanocomposites

Thermal Conductivity and Phase-Change Properties of Boron Nitride–Lead Oxide Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Nanocomposites

Recent Advances and Challenges in Polymer-Based Materials for Space Radiation Shielding

Nanocomposite-Supported Polymeric Composites Prepared with Different Deposition Bases: Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

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