Assessment on thermal hazards of reactive chemicals in industry: State of the Art and perspectives

Sun, Qi; Jiang, Lin; Li, Mi; Sun, Jinhua

doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100832

Cited by 56 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 306 publications

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“…However, LIBs are a new safety hazard because of their tendency to ignite and burn. Many fires resulting in economic losses and casualties have been reported [2]. For example, two LIB fires happened in two Boeing 787 Dreamliners in January 2013 [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Study of Self-heating Ignition of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Storage: Effect of the Number of Cells

Restuccia

Zhang

et al. 2020

Fire Technol

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as energy storage devices. However, a disadvantage of these batteries is their tendency to ignite and burn, thereby creating a fire hazard. Ignition of LIBs can be triggered by abuse conditions (mechanical, electrical or thermal abuse) or internal short circuit. In addition, ignition could also be triggered by self-heating when LIBs are stacked during storage or transport. However, the open circuit self-heating ignition has received little attention and seems to be misunderstood in the literature. This paper quantifies the self-heating behaviour of LIB by means of isothermal oven experiments. Stacks of 1, 2, 3 and 4 Sanyo prismatic LiCoO2 cells at 30% state of charge were studied. The surface and central temperatures, voltage, and time to ignition were measured. Results show that self-heating ignition of open circuit LIBs is possible and its behaviour has three stages: heating up, self-heating and thermal runaway. We find for the first time that, for this battery type, as the number of cells increases from 1 to 4, the critical ambient temperature decreases from 165.5°C to 153°C. A Frank-Kamenetskii analysis using the measured data confirms that ignition is caused by self-heating. Parameters extracted from Frank-Kamenetskii theory are then used to upscale the laboratory results, which shows large enough LIB ensembles could self-ignite at even ambient temperatures. This is the first experimental study of the effect of the number of cells on self-heating ignition of LIBs, contributing to the understanding of this new fire hazard.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Self-heating is the tendency of certain materials to undergo spontaneous internal exothermic reactions causing an increase in their temperature [8][9][10]. Self-heating ignition has been studied in many organic materials, such as coal [11], and shale [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Self-heating Ignition of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Storage: Effect of the Number of Cells

Restuccia

Zhang

et al. 2020

Fire Technol

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“…It was observed that the intensity of TNT and other associated aromatic compounds in wastewater are a predominant factor impacting the local ecosystem [ 9 ]. Following the guidance issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), TNT wastewater cannot be released in nearby streams, lakes or outside industrial premises without proper treatment [ 10 ]. The presence of MNT, DNT, sulfonates and other nitrobenzene derivatives causes the soil and water to become increasingly more toxic and hazardous [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2022

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The aim of the present work was to synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nano hollow spheres (NHS) via simple, one-pot, template-free, hydrothermal method. The structural, morphological, and surface analysis of Fe3O4 NHS were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR and burner-Emmett-teller (BET). The as obtained magnetic (Fe3O4) NHS were used as an adsorbent for treating industrial trinitrotoluene (TNT) wastewater to reduce its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values. Adsorption capacity (Qe) of the NHS obtained is 70 mg/g, confirming the attractive forces present between adsorbent (Fe3O4 NHS) and adsorbate (TNT wastewater). COD value of TNT wastewater was reduced to >92% in 2 h at room temperature. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4 NHS was observed as a function of time, initial concentration, pH, and temperature. The applied Fe3O4 NHS was recovered for reuse by simply manipulating its magnetic properties with slight shift in pH of the solution. A modest decrease in Qe (5.0–15.1%) was observed after each cycle. The novel Fe3O4 NHS could be an excellent candidate for treating wastewater generated by the intermediate processes during cyclonite, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), nitroglycerin (NG) production and other various environmental pollutants/species.

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“…Although the products will be dissolved and precipitated with different concentrations of ethanol to remove sulfate salts at the end of the process, the products are still mixed with a large amount of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in the process. This is prone to causing a thermal runaway reaction [6]. The typical PSS production process in commercial pharmaceutical companies is to emulsify and acidify the raw materials, then add propylene oxide and sodium hydroxide to the reactor for esterification under pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability Determination of Propylene Glycol Sodium Alginate and Ammonium Sulfate with Calorimetry Technology

Yao

Liu

et al. 2022

Processes

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Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate (PSS) is widely produced and used in medicine as a marine drug for treating hyperlipidemia. During the sulfonation synthesis of PSS, the sulfonation of chlorosulfonic acid is exothermic. At high temperatures, the process can easily produce a large amount of ammonium sulfate. Ammonium sulfate adheres to PSS in crystal and participates in the sulfonation reaction. In this study, the sulfonation process of commercial PSS was reproduced in the laboratory using chlorosulfonic acid and formamide. We used differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyzer to examine the thermal stability of PSS, and we used both differential and integral conversional methods to determine the appropriate thermokinetic models for this substance. We also established an autocatalytic model to study the conversion limit time and the maximum rate time of this substance. After calculation, the activation energy of this substance is no more than 60 kJ/mol, and it has other exothermic performances at different heating rates. The results help to optimize the sulfonation process of PSS and analyze the thermal risk of PSS with ammonium sulfate.

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Assessment on thermal hazards of reactive chemicals in industry: State of the Art and perspectives

Cited by 56 publications

References 306 publications

Experimental Study of Self-heating Ignition of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Storage: Effect of the Number of Cells

Experimental Study of Self-heating Ignition of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Storage: Effect of the Number of Cells

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

Thermal Stability Determination of Propylene Glycol Sodium Alginate and Ammonium Sulfate with Calorimetry Technology

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