“…We measure our dependent variable with the sum of the write-offs of long-lived assets on total assets, reflected as a positive amount (Francis et al, 1996;Godfrey & Koh, 2009;Riedl, 2004). Consistent with prior research, we jointly consider the write-offs of long-lived assets; that is, intangibles, like goodwill, property, plants, and equipment (Chao & Horng, 2013;Rees, Gill, & Gore, 1996;Riedl, 2004). This choice is consistent with International Accounting Standard 36, which (a) is not applied to assets such as the inventory and financial assets, (b) requires a substantial unitary write-off procedure through the creation of cash-generating units (CGUs).…”