“…The participants in the studies needed to have fundamental reading skills because learning to read involves different processes than reading to learn (van den Broek & Kendeou, 2017). Also, the studies needed to have participants who did not report disabilities, including visual impairments, to avoid possible confounds related to disabilities (e.g., electronic text can be enhanced to ease reading for individuals with visual impairments; Mulloy, Gevarter, Hopkins, Sutherland, & Ramdoss, 2014). Any texts used in the studies to examine reading needed to be longer than one sentence to avoid confounds related to sentence-level and discourse-level reading (Berninger, Nagy, & Beers, 2011;Carpenter, Miyake, & Just, 1995).…”