Associated factors for higher lead and cadmium blood levels, and reference values derived from general population of São Paulo, Brazil

Chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) and Their Products as a Possible Means for the Prevention and Treatment of Noncommunicable Diseases and Unfavorable Health Effects Due to Exposure to Xenobiotics

“…To monitor the development of Cd‐induced changes under chronic intoxication and the possible protective impact of the extract, all measurements were performed after 3, 10, 17, or 24 mo. The assay of Cd concentration in the blood and urine (main indices of exposure to this metal) of the animals exposed to 1 mg Cd/kg diet (0.103 to 0.324 μg/L and 0.085 to 0.354 μg/g creatinine, respectively) and 5 mg Cd/kg diet (0.584 to 1.332 μg/L and 0.284 to 0.820 μg/g creatinine, respectively; Brzóska and others ) confirmed that the used levels for rats exposure corresponded well with the environmental human exposure in industrialized countries (Byber and others ; Kira and others ; Motawei and Gouda ). The polyphenol‐rich chokeberry extract was administered as a 0.1% aqueous solution applied as the only drinking fluid (provided daily from 41.5 to 104.6 mg of polyphenols/kg b.w.)…”

“…Pb has been complexed in in vitro models by cyanidin aglycon (Okoye and others ; Jayantakumar and Shukla ), caffeic acid (Boilet and others ), and chlorogenic acid (Cornard and others ) at Pb concentrations from 207 to 103500 μg/L. These concentrations are markedly higher than the ones noticed in the blood of the general population (29 to 33 μg/L; Kira and others ), but are similar to (or even less than) the concentrations found in the blood of factory workers (397 ± 113.6 μg/L to 787 ± 271.1 μg/L) and the concentrations present in the blood of inhabitants of polluted area (50 to 430 μg/L; Ngwoke and others ). The above findings seem to indicate that polyphenolic compounds present in aronia berries may complex these metals in the gastrointestinal tract preventing their absorption.…”

“…Cd has been complexed by quercetin using in vitro models (Ravichandran and others ) and also cyanidin aglycon (Okoye and others ; Jayantakumar and Shukla ) at concentrations ranging from 112 to 5600 μg/L. These concentrations are higher than the concentrations determined in the blood of the general population in unpolluted areas (0.2 to 0.65 μg/L—in nonsmokers; in smokers they are higher on average by several times; Kira and others ) as well as smoking (41.5 to 67.5 μg/L; Nishijo and others ) and nonsmoking inhabitants (1.7 to 7.3 μg/L; Nishijo and others ) of polluted areas.…”

Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Groundwater Sources Used for Drinking puposes in Jijel (northeastern Algeria).

“…All boreholes and wells analysed here were located in the area used for intensive agriculture (Nile River basin). In some countries, lead added to petrol has also accounted for some of the increase in its concentration in the environment (Petit et al, 2015, Kira et al, 2016. In Algeria, the concentration of lead in the petrol is 0.45 g.L -1 (Semadi and Deruelle, 1993).…”

“…Among all heavy metals, lead (Pb) has recently gained increased interest due to its potential to cause various toxicological effects in humans, such as anemia, liver and kidney damage, cardiovascular and haematological damage, central nervous system damage and cancer (Kira et al, 2016;Naghipour et al, 2017). The first manifestation of Cd toxicity is renal tubular dysfunction, a major cause of end-stage renal disease.…”