Associating gene expressions with curcuminoid biosynthesis in turmeric

Abstract

Background Biologically important curcuminoids viz curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin in turmeric rhizome have several health benefits. Pharmaceutical industries synthesize curcuminoids manipulating gene expressions in vitro or in vivo because of their medicinal importance. In this experiment, we studied the gene expressions involved in the curcuminoid biosynthesis pathway in association with curcuminoid yield in turmeric rhizome to study the impact of individual gene expression on curcuminoid biosynthesis. Results Gene expressions at the different growth stages of turmeric rhizome were association tested with respective curcuminoid contents. Gene expression patterns of diketide-CoA synthase (DCS) and multiple curcumin synthases (CURSs) viz curcumin synthase 1 (CURS1), curcumin synthase 2 (CURS2), and curcumin synthase 3 (CURS3) were differentially associated with different curcuminoid contents. Genotype and growth stages showed a significant effect on the gene expressions resulting in a significant impact on curcuminoid balance in turmeric rhizome. DCS and CURS3 expression patterns were similar but distinct from CURS1 and CURS2 expression patterns in turmeric rhizome. DCS expression had a significant positive and CURS3 expression had a significant negative association with curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and total curcuminoid in turmeric rhizome. CURS1 expression had a negative association with curcumin whereas CURS2 expression showed a positive association with demethoxycurcumin. Conclusions The effects of DCS and CURS expressions are not always positive with different curcuminoid contents in turmeric rhizome. DCS expression has a positive and CURS3 expression has a negative association with curcuminoids. CURS1 and CURS2 are also associated with curcumin and demethoxycurcumin synthesis. This mechanism of co-expression of diketide-CoA synthase and multiple curcumin synthases in turmeric rhizome has a significant effect on curcuminoid balance in different turmeric cultivars. Further experiment will explore more insights; however, association-based test results from this experiment can be useful in improving curcuminoid yield in turmeric rhizome or in vitro through the application of genetic engineering and biotechnology. Graphical abstract Associating gene expressions with curcuminoid biosynthesis in turmeric

In silico analysis of promoter region and regulatory elements of mitogenome co-expressed trn gene clusters encoding for bio-pesticide in entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae: strain ME1

“…Furthermore, GOMO or GO was used to compare matching of upstream regions of any sequences with discovered motifs by MEME. A computational method Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) genemani (https://genemania.org/ search/homo-sapiens/NDUFS5) was utilized to find out the associations of differentially expressed genes with a certain biological process [19,24]. With the help of this tool, gene pathways and expression correlations were compared with database reference genes.…”

“…Identification and characterization of promoter regions of M. anisopliae will allow earning potential knowledge of gene expression profiles and regulatory mechanisms of gene regulation. This knowledge is important for rapid identification of genes encoding biologically active molecules and eventually to suggest strain improvement techniques [17][18][19]. Although entomopathogenic role of M. anisopliae Strain ME against insects was discussed, there is no report yet about regulatory elements and their respective binding sites involved in gene expression of mitogenome trn gene clusters.…”

Biosynthesis of Curcuminoids with Insights into the Phylogeny of Curcuma and Genetic Engineering of Curcuminoid Production

“…Growth stage and genotype significantly affect the gene expression resulting in an impression on the curcuminoid balance in turmeric rhizome. From the active vegetative state to the rhizome development stage, the gene expression increases and gradually decreases from maturity to senescence [13,31]. DCS and CURS3 have a similar pattern of expression are distinct from CURS1 and CURS2.…”

“…The genome of Curcuma is polyploid (2n = 63-105) [13,14,15] with around 56,036 genes identified, 74% of which are repeat elements and 94% of the genes with MSA (Multiple signs of Adaptive evolution). Obligatory genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway are the Curcumin synthase 1 (CURS1), Curcumin synthase 2 (CURS2), Curcumin synthase 3 (CURS3) genes, and the Diketide CoA (DCS) gene.…”

“…Growth stages and genotypes affect gene expression, significantly impacting curcuminoid balance in turmeric rhizomes. All three genes confer a more effective bioprotectant activity than any one alone due to synergistic effects [13]. Enormous interspecific hybridization and polyploidization, intraspecific variations are large, hindering the construction of a compatible and congruent phylogenetic tree [14].…”