Association between a single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the GREM1 gene and non‐syndromic orofacial cleft in the Chinese population

Abstract

Our findings revealed that the GREM1 polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of NSOC in the Chinese population.

Understanding the participation of GREM1 polymorphisms in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Brazilian population

“…Later this same group confirmed that GREM1 , mainly represented by variant rs1258763, is associated with NSCL±P and provided further evidences showing that Gremlin 1 is expressed in the lip and soft palate during mouse development, and embryonic palatal shelves developed altered shapes when cultured in the presence of recombinant protein (Ludwig et al, ). In concordance, GREM1 rs1258763 was associated with high odds for NSCL±P in populations from Central African and Southeast Asian countries (Figueiredo et al, ) and from China (Wang et al, ). Notably, protective effects of GREM1 variants, represented by rs16969681, rs16969816, rs16969862, and rs1258763, against NSCL±P was reported in the Polish population (Mostowska et al, ).…”

“…Only few genetic studies have been carried out regarding the impact of GREM1 variants on the risk of NSCL±P, and the results varied among different populations (Al Chawa et al, ; Figueiredo et al, ; Gowans et al, ; Ludwig et al, ; Mostowska et al, ; Wang et al, ). Sequencing analysis in Central Europeans identified 33 incompletely penetrant variants in GREM1 , suggesting a putative contribution of GREM1 for NSCL±P (Al Chawa et al, ).…”

“…In a sample composed of 334 patients with NSCL±P and 955 controls, five polymorphic variants in GREM1 , including rs1258763, were significantly associated with a decreased risk of NSCL±P (Mostowska et al, ). In the Chinese population, GREM1 rs1258763 was significantly associated with the risk of NSCL±P (Wang et al, ), whereas in populations from Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Southeast Asia (Philippines and Vietnam), rs1258763 showed high odds for NSCL±P though the p values did not reach statistical significance after correction for multiple testing (Figueiredo et al, ). In the current study, the variant rs1258763, as well as the other variants, showed a borderline association toward a protection against development of NSCL±P.…”

“…Although the genes of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway are good candidates for NSCLAEP susceptibility, genetic studies have only provided proxies for the true functional risk variants, which are yet to be identified. Among of TGFβ-related genes, GREM1 has accumulated robust evidences linking it to NSCLAEP (Al Chawa et al, 2014;Figueiredo et al, 2014;Gowans et al, 2018;Ludwig et al, 2016;Mostowska et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2018).…”

Exosomes derived from P2X7 receptor gene-modified cells rescue inflammation-compromised periodontal ligament stem cells from dysfunction

“…GREM-1 binds to BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 and inhibits BMP signaling. 60 Further validation assays using a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that mechanistically, GREM-1 was the direct target gene of the differentially expressed miRNAs miR-3679-5p and miR-6747-5p (Figure 6). A functional test of GREM-1 suggested that there was an indirect connection between GREM-1 and miR-6515.…”