Association between ACE2/ACE balance and pneumocyte apoptosis in a porcine model of acute pulmonary thromboembolism with cardiac arrest

Xiao, Hongli; Zhao, Lianxing; Yang, Jun; Tong, Nan; An, Lê Văn; Liu, Qi‐Tong; Xie, Miaorong; Li, Chun‐Sheng

doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.8426

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the respiratory system, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2, which mainly infects ciliated cells and type II alveolar cells [ 33 ]. After entry, the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes deregulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, displacing the axis in favour of angiotensin II, which can generate lung damage due to activation of the inflammatory cascade [ 34 ], increased type I collagen with consequent decrease in lung compliance [ 35 ] and alveolar cell apoptosis [ 36 ]. In spite of this, approximately 5% of cases evolve to critical conditions [ 37 ], and the presence of comorbidities seems to be decisive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Brazil: spatial risk, social vulnerability, human development, clinical manifestations and predictors of mortality – a retrospective study with data from 59 695 individuals

et al. 2021

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Brazil ranks second in the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide. In spite of this, coping measures differ throughout the national territory, as does the disease's impact on the population. This cross-sectional observational study, with 59 695 cases of COVID-19 registered in the state of Alagoas between March and August 2020, analysed clinical-epidemiological variables, incidence rate, mortality rate, case fatality rate (CFR) and the social indicators municipal human development index (MHDI) and social vulnerability index (SVI). Moran statistics and regression models were applied. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the predictors of death. The incidence rate was 1788.7/100 000 inhabitants; mortality rate was 48.0/100 000 and CFR was 2.7%. The highest incidence rates were observed in municipalities with better human development (overall MHDI (I = 0.1668; p = 0.002), education MHDI (I = 0.1649; p = 0.002) and income MHDI (I = 0.1880; p = 0.005)) and higher social vulnerability (overall SVI (I = 0.0599; p = 0.033)). CFR was associated with higher social vulnerability (SVI human capital (I = 0.0858; p = 0.004) and SVI urban infrastructure (I = 0.0985; p = 0.040)). Of the analysed cases, 55.4% were female; 2/3 were Black or Brown and the median age was 41 years. Among deaths, most were male (919; 57.4%) and elderly (1171; 73.1%). The predictors of death were male sex, advanced age and the presence of comorbidities. In Alagoas, Brazil, the disease has undergone a process of interiorisation and caused more deaths in poorer municipalities. The presence of comorbidities and advanced age were predictors of death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in Brazil: spatial risk, social vulnerability, human development, clinical manifestations and predictors of mortality – a retrospective study with data from 59 695 individuals

et al. 2021

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“…But no effect in control rats Abuohashish, Ahmed, Sabry, Khattab, & Al-Rejaie (2017) Captopril/ ACE-Inh. Land race pigs/Pulmonary embolism model No change in pulmonary ACE2 protein expression H. L. Xiao et al (2018) Captopril/ ACE-Inh. Spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats/ Aortic tissue Markedly decreased aortic ACE2 mRNA expression in hypertensive rats with significantly upregulated ACE2 levels Lezama-Martinez et al (2018) Captopril/ ACE-Inh.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Drugs and Ace2mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor

Öz

Lorke

Kabbani

2021

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

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The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.

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“…It is also present in the epithelium lining the lung, the nose, and mouth [ 36 ]. It is highly abundant in type 2 pneumocytes, the important cells located in alveoli, where oxygen exchanged with carbon dioxide [ 37 ]. Regulating blood pressure and inflammation are the main functions of local ACE2 via the conversion of angiotensin II (Ang II) to other molecules that neutralize the effects of Ang II.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics

et al. 2020

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In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or (2019-nCoV) with unknown origin spread in Hubei province of China. The epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 called coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The presence of COVID-19 was manifested by several symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to severe illness and death. The viral infection expanded internationally and WHO announced a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. To quickly diagnose and control such a highly infectious disease, suspicious individuals were isolated and diagnostic/treatment procedures were developed through patients’ epidemiological and clinical data. Early in the COVID-19 outbreak, WHO invited hundreds of researchers from around the world to develop a rapid quality diagnosis, treatment and vaccines, but so far no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine has been approved by the FDA. At present, COVID-19 is managed by available antiviral drugs to improve the symptoms, and in severe cases, supportive care including oxygen and mechanical ventilation is used for infected patients. However, due to the worldwide spread of the virus, COVID-19 has become a serious concern in the medical community. According to the current data of WHO, the number of infected and dead cases has increased to 8,708,008 and 461,715, respectively (Dec 2019 –June 2020). Given the high mortality rate and economic damage to various communities to date, great efforts must be made to produce successful drugs and vaccines against 2019-nCoV infection. For this reason, first of all, the characteristics of the virus, its pathogenicity, and its infectious pathways must be well known. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of this epidemic disease based on the current evidence.

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Association between ACE2/ACE balance and pneumocyte apoptosis in a porcine model of acute pulmonary thromboembolism with cardiac arrest

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

COVID-19 in Brazil: spatial risk, social vulnerability, human development, clinical manifestations and predictors of mortality – a retrospective study with data from 59 695 individuals

COVID-19 in Brazil: spatial risk, social vulnerability, human development, clinical manifestations and predictors of mortality – a retrospective study with data from 59 695 individuals

A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor

A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics

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