Association Between Anthropometric Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Abstract

Introduction Several studies have explored the effect of anthropometric risk factors on metabolic syndrome. However, no systematic effort has explored the effect of overweight and obesity on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in India. Thus, we undertook a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of anthropometric risk factors on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Methods We searched databases PubMed Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane library and search engines ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from January 1964 through March 2021. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa scale to assess the quality of published studies, conducted a meta-analysis with a random-effects model, and reported pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs. Results We analyzed 26 studies with a total of 37,965 participants. Most studies had good to satisfactory quality on the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Participants who were overweight (pooled OR, 5.47; 95% CI, 3.70–8.09) or obese (pooled OR, 5.00; 95% CI, 3.61–6.93) had higher odds of having metabolic syndrome than those of normal or low body weight. Sensitivity analysis showed no significant variation in the magnitude or direction of outcome, indicating the lack of influence of a single study on the overall pooled estimate. Conclusion Overweight and obesity are significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. On the basis of evidence, clinicians and policy makers should implement weight reduction strategies among patients and the general population.

Burden, determinants and treatment status of metabolic syndrome among older adults in India: a nationally representative, community-based cross-sectional survey

“…8 Furthermore, people with obesity in terms of both body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity are five times more likely to develop metabolic syndrome; but obesity comprises one of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome. 9 Similar issues arise with other risk factors for metabolic syndrome, both non-modifiable (eg, ethnicity, sex) and modifiable (eg, physical activity, tobacco use and alcohol consumption). 10 11 Nevertheless, metabolic syndrome is increasingly recognised as an independent risk factor of mortality and morbidity attributed to cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction and stroke.…”

Advances in oligosaccharides production from brown seaweeds: extraction, characterization, antimetabolic syndrome, and other potential applications

“…Metabolic syndrome is indicated by chronic low-grade inflammation, and these metabolic dysfunctions are considered the main precursors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), stroke, myocardial infarction, and developing diabetes especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, which affects people’s quality of health and decreases lifespan compared to normal healthy people. Changes in lifestyle, diet such as excessive consumption of fat, carbs, and sugar, and low-physical activity result in obesity which has increased the risks of CVDs and diabetes even at a very young age [ 14 , 15 , 89 , 90 ]. In addition to this, increased levels of ROS in the body stimulate the overaccumulation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins and induce metabolic syndrome [ 6 ].…”

Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data

“…Metabolic syndrome is characterized as a set of metabolic abnormalities including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. A systematic review has shown a positive relationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome [ 13 ]. However, the relationship between both variables is still ambiguous.…”