Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders With or Without Intellectual Disability and Depression in Young Adulthood

Rai, Dheeraj; Heuvelman, Hein; Dalman, Christina; Culpin, Iryna; Lundberg, Mari; Carpenter, Peter; Magnusson, Cecilia

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1465

Cited by 72 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…When comparing ADHD and ASD in our epidemiological data, we observed significant differences in the associations with all psychiatric comorbidities examined, with individual estimates being consistent with previous studies (11)(12)(13)15,24,(30)(31)(32). The most marked differences were found for SCZ and SUD, in which SCZ was more common in adults with ASD and SUD was more common in adults with ADHD.…”

Section: Different Comorbidities In Adults With Adhd and Asdsupporting

confidence: 89%

Patterns of Psychiatric Comorbidity and Genetic Correlations Provide New Insights Into Differences Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Solberg

Zayats

Posserud

et al. 2019

Biological Psychiatry

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BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share common genetic factors but seem to have specific patterns of psychiatric comorbidities. There are few systematic studies on adults; therefore, we compared psychiatric comorbidities in adults with these two neurodevelopmental disorders using population-based data and analyzed their genetic correlations to evaluate underlying factors. METHODS: Using data from Norwegian registries, we assessed patterns of psychiatric disorders in adults with ADHD (n = 38,636; 2.3%), ASD (n = 7528; 0.4%), and both diagnoses (n = 1467; 0.1%) compared with the remaining adult population (n = 1,653,575). We calculated their prevalence ratios (PRs) and differences using Poisson regression, also examining sex-specific relations. Genetic correlations (r g ) among ADHD, ASD, and the examined psychiatric disorders were calculated by linkage disequilibrium score regression, exploiting summary statistics from relevant genome-wide association studies. RESULTS: For all psychiatric comorbidities, PRs differed between ADHD and ASD. Associations were strongest in individuals with ADHD and ADHD1ASD for most comorbidities, in both men and women. The relative prevalence increase of substance use disorder was three times larger in ADHD than in ASD (PR ADHD , 6.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1-6.4; PR ASD , 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.2; p , .001); however, the opposite was true for schizophrenia (PR ASD , 13.9; 95% CI, 12.7-15.2; PR ADHD , 4.4; 95% CI, 4.1-4.7; p , .001). Genetic correlations supported these patterns but were significantly different between ADHD and ASD only for the substance use disorder proxies and personality traits (p , .006 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Adults with ADHD, ASD, or both ADHD and ASD have specific patterns of psychiatric comorbidities. This may partly be explained by differences in underlying genetic factors.

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Section: Different Comorbidities In Adults With Adhd and Asdsupporting

confidence: 89%

Patterns of Psychiatric Comorbidity and Genetic Correlations Provide New Insights Into Differences Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Solberg

Zayats

Posserud

et al. 2019

Biological Psychiatry

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“…To our knowledge this is the first study of the difference in prevalence rates of anxiety disorders for adults with ASD with and without ID. The finding of higher rates of anxiety disorders amongst adults with ASD without ID compared with adults with ASD and ID is consistent with some of the results from studies of children with ASD and anxiety disorder (Weisbrot et al 2005;Sukhodolsky et al 2008;Mayes et al 2011) and with a recent study of depression in ASD (Rai et al 2018), and may be due to a number of factors. Increased rates of anxiety disorders may be present in individuals without ID due to increased cognitive awareness of their impairments (Bauminger et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It has been suggested that common mental disorders could be more prevalent in individuals with ASD without intellectual disability (ID), because they may have more insight into their problems. This pattern has been observed for depression (Rai et al 2018) and for OCD (Meier et al 2015) in higher functioning individuals with ASD. To date, studies of the prevalence of other anxiety disorders in adults with autism and ID have predominantly focussed on comparing individuals with intellectual disability with and without autism, with variable results regarding whether autism increases the rates of anxiety disorders, although these studies have been relatively small (Bakken et al 2010;Bradley and Bolton 2006;Charlot et al 2008;Gillott and Standen 2007).…”

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialssupporting

confidence: 67%

Anxiety Disorders in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Population-Based Study

Nimmo-Smith

Heuvelman

Dalman

et al. 2019

J Autism Dev Disord

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Anxiety is common in children with ASD; however, the burden of specific anxiety disorders for adults with ASD is underresearched. Using the Stockholm Youth Cohort, we compared anxiety disorder diagnoses among autistic adults (n = 4049), with or without intellectual disability, and population controls (n = 217,645). We conducted additional sibling analyses. Anxiety disorders were diagnosed in 20.1% of adults with ASD compared with 8.7% of controls (RR = 2.62 [95% CI 2.47-2.79]), with greatest risk for autistic people without intellectual disability. Rates of almost all individual anxiety disorders were raised, notably obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobic anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders were more common in full siblings and half-siblings of people with ASD. The implications of this are explored.

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“…Difficulties in sociability can therefore potentially be seen as a cross-disorder overlapping trait in these frequently co-occurring disorders (i.e. (Chisholm, Lin, Abu-Akel, & Wood, 2015;Lee & Lyketsos, 2003;Rai et al, 2018)) with potentially shared underlying mechanisms relating them. The withdrawal from friends, family, and colleagues, is one of the symptoms that is particularly burdensome for relatives of those affected by such disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic underpinnings of sociability in the UK Biobank

Bralten

Klemann

Mota

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Difficulties with sociability include a tendency to avoid social contacts and activities, and to prefer being alone rather than being with others. While sociability is a continuously distributed trait in the population, decreased sociability represent a common early manifestation of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders such as Schizophrenia (SCZ), Bipolar Disorder (BP), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to investigate the genetic underpinnings of sociability as a continuous trait in the general population. In this respect, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a sociability score based on 4 social functioning-related self-report questions in the UK Biobank sample (n=342,461) to test the effect of individual genetic variants. This was followed by LD score analyses to investigate the genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders (SCZ, BP, MDD, ASDs) and a neurological disorder (AD) as well as related phenotypes (Loneliness and Social Anxiety). The phenotypic data indeed showed that the sociability score was decreased in individuals with ASD, (probable) MDD, BP and SCZ, but not in individuals with AD. Our GWAS showed 604 genome-wide significant SNPs, coming from 18 independent loci (SNP-based h2=0.06). Genetic correlation analyses showed significant correlations with SCZ (rg=0.15, p=9.8e-23), MDD (rg=0.68, and ASDs (rg=0.27,, but no correlation with BP (rg=0.01, p=0.45) or AD (rg=0.04, p=0.55). Our sociability trait was also genetically correlated with Loneliness (rg=0.45, p=2.4e-8) and Social Anxiety (rg=0.48, p=0.002). Our study shows that there is a significant genetic component to variation in population levels of sociability, which is relevant to some psychiatric disorders (SCZ, MDD, ASDs), but not to BP and AD.

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Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders With or Without Intellectual Disability and Depression in Young Adulthood

Cited by 72 publications

References 39 publications

Patterns of Psychiatric Comorbidity and Genetic Correlations Provide New Insights Into Differences Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Patterns of Psychiatric Comorbidity and Genetic Correlations Provide New Insights Into Differences Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Anxiety Disorders in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Population-Based Study

Genetic underpinnings of sociability in the UK Biobank

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