Association between Bioactive Molecules in Breast Milk and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Yahaya, Tajudeen; Shemishere, Ufuoma

doi:10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.002

Cited by 6 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…This is viewed as a result of the existence of protective chemicals that play a critical role in safeguarding infants’ bodies against diseases, either directly by preventing pathogens from binding to their cellular receptors or indirectly by altering the gut flora [ 168 , 169 ]. Individual differences, mothers’ genotype, infant genotype, concentrations and digestion site are all considered when these bioactive substances act as immunomodulatory molecules [ 85 , 170 ].…”

Section: Breastfeeding and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

et al. 2022

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Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview of the immunomodulatory constituents of HBM, highlighting its content of circulating microRNAs. The epigenetic effects of HBM are discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. HBM contains more than 1400 microRNAs. The majority of these microRNAs originate from the lactating gland and are based on the remodeling of cells in the gland during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect epigenetic patterns by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA regulation, which could ultimately result in alterations in gene expressions. Therefore, the unique microRNA profile of HBM, including exosomal microRNAs, is implicated in the regulation of the genes responsible for a variety of immunological and physiological functions, such as FTO, INS, IGF1, NRF2, GLUT1 and FOXP3 genes. Hence, studying the HBM miRNA composition is important for improving the nutritional approaches for pregnancy and infant’s early life and preventing diseases that could occur in the future. Interestingly, the composition of miRNAs in HBM is affected by multiple factors, including diet, environmental and genetic factors.

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Section: Breastfeeding and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

et al. 2022

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“…As a consequence, exclusive breastfeeding could also result in a vitamin E deficiency because the vitamin E levels in the breast milk would diminish with the maturation of colostrum. 47 It has also been stated earlier that T1DM could be caused by a lack of both vitamins. 47 Complementary or total feeding, which includes nutritional formulas having certain complex proteins could also increase the T1DM risk of infants.…”

Section: Breastfeeding Styles and Infant Feeding Formulas And Develop...mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…46 Vitamin E protects cells, particularly pancreatic islet cells, by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting invading toxins and cytokines. 47 A vitamin E deficiency causes oxidative stress, which could damage beta cells. 48…”

Section: Vitamin Deficiencies and Development Of Type 1 Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several bioactive molecules are present in breast milk, which include insulin, cytokines, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, cytokines, health-boosting microorganisms, and several vitamins and minerals, among others. 47 All the mentioned molecules improve the immune system of a breastfeeding infant both directly and indirectly by increasing the gut microbiome diversity and combating pathogenic bacteria and pro-inflammatory compounds. 47 As a result, inadequate or negligent breastfeeding may expose babies to a variety of autoimmune diseases, including T1DM.…”

Section: Breastfeeding Styles and Infant Feeding Formulas And Develop...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 All the mentioned molecules improve the immune system of a breastfeeding infant both directly and indirectly by increasing the gut microbiome diversity and combating pathogenic bacteria and pro-inflammatory compounds. 47 As a result, inadequate or negligent breastfeeding may expose babies to a variety of autoimmune diseases, including T1DM. 47 However, exclusive breastfeeding devoid of vitamin ingestion could lead to a vitamin D deficiency in newborns, especially if the mother's vitamin intake is insufficient.…”

Section: Breastfeeding Styles and Infant Feeding Formulas And Develop...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Triggers’ Involvement in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Yahaya¹,

Liman²,

Obadiah³

et al. 2022

Explor Res Hypothesis Med

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The huge burden of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been a source of concern globally since the Industrial Revolution in the 18 th -19 th centuries. To this end, studies have shown that certain environmental changes that accompanied the Revolution may have increased the risk and burden of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. However, documented studies that synthesize these environmental triggers are scarce. As a result, the current study was conceived to synthesize the environmental triggers of T1DM to boost public awareness. Relevant information was retrieved from reputable academic databases; namely, Scopus, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Embase. The results showed that chemical exposure, viral infection, gut microbiome disruption, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, inadequate or exclusive breastfeeding, as well as early exposure to infant feeding formulas could increase the risk and burden of T1DM in genetically predisposed individuals. As a consequence, these triggers could compromise the expression of certain genes involved in insulin synthesis and immune function, such as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), insulin (INS), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) genes. This would result in a dysfunctional immune system in which immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells and molecules, such as cytokines would attack self-tissues, thus causing autoimmunity of the pancreatic beta cells. Environmental triggers could also induce the T1DM pathophysiology by modifying the epigenome of the mentioned genes. Furthermore, some epigenetic changes could be reversed, which would infer that treatment procedures that would include the pathophysiology of the environmental triggers could be more effective.

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Association between Breastfeeding Patterns and Type 1 Diabetes among Children

Abbas¹,

Tawfik²,

Salem

et al. 2023

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine

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Background: Though factors such as breastfeeding (BF), cow's milk formula, and cereals are among the dietary factors linked to T1D development, their role is still debatable. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between BF patterns and the development of T1D. Subjects and Methods:The study is an epidemiologic hospital-based case-control study in Ismalia city, Egypt. 140 children 15 months-to 13 -year-old, from both sexes were included in two groups; the T1D cases (n=70) and the nondiabetic; age-and-sex-matched, control group (n=70). Results: The proportion of children who received exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was low in both cases and controls but significantly lower among cases (11% vs 53% respectively, P<0.05) with almost nine times rise in the odds of T1D. More T1D children depended on formula feeding (FF) during their infancy than controls (40% vs 14% respectively, P<0.05) with four folds rise in the odds of T1D. T1D patients who had FF (n= 28) started it at an earlier age compared to controls who had FF (n=10) (mean age 3.2 vs 12.3 months respectively, P<0.05). Likewise, the onset of weaning took place at the age of four months among T1D cases vs five months among controls (P<0.05). No association was detected between T1D and the sociodemographic or maternal obstetric factors. Conclusion: Short-term BF or no BF at all may be a substantial risk factor for T1D. FF and the early age at its start increase the odds of T1D.

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Association between Bioactive Molecules in Breast Milk and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 6 publications

References 86 publications

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

Environmental Triggers’ Involvement in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Association between Breastfeeding Patterns and Type 1 Diabetes among Children

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