Association between cardiometabolic risk factors and COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and mortality: a review

Abstract

The novel coronavirus, which began spreading from China Wuhan and gradually spreaded to most countries, led to the announcement by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, as a new pandemic. The most important point presented by the World Health Organization about this disease is to better understand the risk factors that exacerbate the course of the disease and worsen its prognosis. Due to the high majority of cardio metabolic risk factors like obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia among the population over 60 years old and higher, these cardio metabolic risk factors along with the age of these people could worsen the prognosis of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and its mortality. In this study, we aimed to review the articles from the beginning of the pandemic on the impression of cardio metabolic risk factors on COVID-19 and the effectiveness of COVID-19 on how to manage these diseases. All the factors studied in this article, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity exacerbate the course of Covid-19 disease by different mechanisms, and the inflammatory process caused by coronavirus can also create a vicious cycle in controlling these diseases for patients.

The function of specialized pro-resolving endogenous lipid mediators, vitamins, and other micronutrients in the control of the inflammatory processes: Possible role in patients with SARS-CoV-2 related infection

“…Some papers have suggested that systemic dysregulation of metabolism and widespread changes in the lipidome and lipid-mediators synthesis may occur and it may contribute to the inflammatory progression to severe forms of COVID-19 [ 90 , 91 ]. These results are in accordance with the current epidemiological studies, reporting that SARS-CoV2 positive patients with advanced age, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are at higher risk of both more severe forms of disease and mortality [ 92 , 93 ].…”

Cardiometabolic Morbidity and Other Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Adult Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in North Jakarta, Indonesia

“…Biologic plausibility is further supported by the unusual harms of COVID-19 related to vascular endothelial cells, in the lungs and throughout the body [25]. Overall, individuals with cardiometabolic conditions are likely predisposed to higher risks of lung injury, cytokine storm, and respiratory failure from COVID-19 infection [19,24].…”

“…They are also linked with endothelial dysfunction and persistent low-grade inflammation [18]. Obesity reduces baseline pulmonary function and ventilatory reserve, which could predispose to worse COVID-19 outcomes [24]. The association between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and hypertension may also partly explain the high prevalence of severe COVID-19 in hypertensive patients [6].…”

Lack of Evidence of COVID-19 Being a Risk Factor of Alopecia Areata: Results of a National Cohort Study in South Korea

“…Income level in 2020 was used as a continuous variable, having a value from 0 (the lowest) to 20 (the highest). In addition, health behaviors [drinking alcohol frequency (16)(17)(18), smoking history (16,17,19)], comorbidities [diabetes mellitus (20,21), heart disease (22), hypertension (20,23), and dyslipidemia (20,24)], anthropometric values [body mass index (19,20,25), glomerular filtration rate (26), gamma-glutamyl transferase level (27), hemoglobin level (28), and height (29)], and covariates (family history of heart disease) being considered as the secondary potential confounders, the variables were only adjusted for the sensitivity analysis with Cox proportional regression. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests for continuous variables, and chi-squared tests for categorical variables were conducted to analyze the demographics of COVID-19 patients and the negatives.…”