Association between Childhood Strabismus and Refractive Error in Chinese Preschool Children

Abstract

PurposeTo investigate the association between concomitant esotropia or concomitant exotropia and refractive error in preschool childrenMethodsA population-based sample of 5831 children aged 3 to 6 years was selected from all kindergartens in a representative county (Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) of Nanjing, China. Clinical examinations including ocular alignment, ocular motility, visual acuity, optometry, stereopsis screening, slit lamp examination and fundus examination were performed by trained ophthalmologists and optometrists. Odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to evaluate the association of refractive error with concomitant esotropia and concomitant exotropia.ResultsIn multivariate logistic regression analysis, concomitant esotropia was associated independently with spherical equivalent anisometropia (OR, 3.15 for 0.50 to <1.00 diopter (D) of anisometropia, and 7.41 for > = 1.00 D of anisometropia) and hyperopia. There was a severity-dependent association of hyperopia with the development of concomitant esotropia, with ORs increasing from 9.3 for 2.00 to <3.00 D of hyperopia, to 180.82 for > = 5.00 D of hyperopia. Concomitant exotropia was associated with astigmatism (OR, 3.56 for 0.50 to 1.00 D of astigmatism, and 1.9 for <0.00 D of astigmatism), myopia (OR, 40.54 for -1.00 to <0.00 D of myopia, and 18.93 for <-1.00 D of myopia), and hyperopia (OR, 67.78 for 1.00 to <2.00 D of hyperopia, 23.13 for 2.00 to <3.00 D of hyperopia, 25.57 for 3.00 to <4.00 D of hyperopia, and 8.36 for 4.00 to <5.00 D of hyperopia).ConclusionsThis study highlights the close associations between refractive error and the prevalence of concomitant esotropia and concomitant exotropia, which should be considered when managing childhood refractive error.

Prevalence and causes of reduced visual acuity among children aged three to six years in a metropolis in China

“…The study protocol has been described elsewhere . In brief, all 43 kindergartens located in Yuhuatai district were included in the sampling frame.…”

“…The study protocol has been described elsewhere. 19 In brief, all 43 kindergartens located in Yuhuatai district were included in the sampling frame. From an initial list of all names of children provided by the principals in each kindergarten, an age-stratified random sampling procedure was adopted to select half of the names on the list.…”

Comparison of Contrast Sensitivity in Different Types of Ocular Deviation for Different Amount of Deviation

“…Because intermittent timing is very less compare to other ocular deviation. Hence, ocular deviation is a very important factor for Contrast Sensitivity [1,2].…”

Comparison of Visual Acuity for Different Amount of Deviation of Alternate Exotropia

“…Visual Acuity was assessed with Log Mar Chart in different amounts of deviation of Alternate Exotropia. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 20 [1][2][3].…”