Association between cigarette smoking and the risk of dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis of observational studies

Qin, Lulu; Hu, Zhao; Kaminga, Atipatsa Chiwanda; Luo, Biao; Xu, Huilan; Feng, Xiang-Lin; Liu, Jiahe

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231201

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Additionally, Parazzini et al 13 found that the relative risk of dysmenorrhea was increased by smoking and decreased among alcohol drinkers. In consistency with this result, a meta-analysis of observational study conducted by Qin et al 14 found a significant association between cigarette smoking (both current and former smoking) and dysmenorrhea. Another meta-analysis conducted by Jenabi et al 15 found a significant association between smoking and dysmenorrhea.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Al-Husban¹,

Odeh²,

Dabit³

et al. 2022

IJWH

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Background Primary dysmenorrhea is a common and often debilitating, gynaecological condition. Objective To investigate the effects of specific lifestyle variables on the prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study of Jordanian women aged between 18–25 years old utilized a questionnaire as the main instrument of the study. Results Primary dysmenorrhea was reported by 660 women out of 1988. It was found that approximately two thirds of them were students. Overall, 54.5% of the participants reported severe dysmenorrhea. A statistically significant correlation was found between severe dysmenorrhea and smoking at p value ˂0.001, sleeping less than 7 hours per 24 hours at p = 0.005, holding a university degree at p = 0.032, non-alcohol consumption at p = 0.044, frequent energy, fizzy, tea, coffee drinks and sugar intake. Interestingly, we found that severe dysmenorrhea was statistically significantly associated with women who never eat meat at p ˂0.001, cereals and fish consumers and with those who take less than 3 servings of fruit or none at all per week at p = 0.006. In addition to the previous variables, water intake of less than 1.0 litre a day, irregular cycles, non-OCP use and positive family history were found significantly associated with severe dysmenorrhea. Severe dysmenorrhea was significantly related to working less hours per week, higher stress level and longer bleeding duration at p = 0.021, 0.017 and 0.008, respectively. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference found between severe dysmenorrhea and the following variables: age, body mass index (BMI), weekly studying hours and age of menarche. Conclusion Primary dysmenorrhea is prevalent in the Jordanian population. To overcome severe dysmenorrhea, women should increase their intake of fish and fresh fruits, drinking water and use of oral contraceptive pills. The study concluded that smoking, frequent sugar intake, fizzy drinks, coffee, tea and energy drinks were associated with severe dysmenorrhea. It is also worth mentioning that alcohol consumption had a positive impact on dysmenorrhea. Trial Registration Registered in Clinicaltrial.gov (ID: NCT04583943).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Al-Husban¹,

Odeh²,

Dabit³

et al. 2022

IJWH

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“…Furthermore, smoking is considered a risk factor for PD. This is likely due to nicotine, which causes vasoconstriction, resulting in myometrial contraction and reduction in endometrial blood flow, which is common in dysmenorrhea [ 55 ]. An Australian cohort study, conducted on 9067 young females, who were followed between 2000 and 2012, found that smoking was significantly associated with menstrual pain (OR = 1.41), and more commonly attributed to initiation at an early age, below 15 years (OR = 1.50) [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, risk factors, and management practices of primary dysmenorrhea among young females

et al. 2021

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Background Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is one of the most common gynecological conditions among young females, which has a significant negative impact on health-related quality of life and productivity. Despite its high prevalence, the evidence is limited regarding the management-seeking practices and its perceived effectiveness among females with PD. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 550 female students in six universities across Lebanon. The prevalence of PD, associated risk factors, and management-seeking practices were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Results The prevalence of PD was 80.9%. Most of the females with PD described their menstrual pain as moderate (56%) to severe (34.6%), which significantly affected their daily activities and studying ability (P < 0.001). The major risk factors associated with PD included heavy menstrual flow (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 10.28), family history of PD (AOR = 2.52), history of weight loss attempt (AOR = 2.05), and medical specialization (AOR = 1.663). Only 36.9% of females with PD sought formal medical advice. Most dysmenorrheic females (76.4%) received medications for the management of PD, and remarkably none of them took hormonal contraceptives. Drugs commonly used for PD were mefenamic acid (26.2%), ibuprofen (25%), and paracetamol (11.5%), which were administered when the pain started (58.2%). All medications were significantly effective in reducing the pain score (P = 0.001), and most NSAIDs were more potent than paracetamol in managing PD (P = 0.001). However, no significant difference in adverse effects among medications was revealed. Moreover, no superiority of any individual NSAID for pain relief was established. Nevertheless, mefenamic acid was associated with the lowest risk of abdominal pain (OR: 0.03, P = 0.005) and the highest risk of flank pain (OR = 12, P = 0.02). Conclusions Suboptimal management of PD is practiced among university students in Lebanon. Therefore, health care providers should educate dysmenorrheic females to optimize the self-management support of PD. Furthermore, future research is required to investigate females’ misconceptions about hormonal contraceptives in the management of PD, aiming to raise awareness and correct misconceptions.

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“…Short sleeping hours and not having breakfast regularly were associated with moderate-to-severe dysmenorrhea in a previous study [ 8 ]. In addition, caffeine consumption [ 9 ], alcohol consumption, and smoking [ 10 ] were also associated with dysmenorrhea. Moreover, mental stress [ 11 , 12 , 13 ] and a lack of exercise [ 14 ] were related to the severity of dysmenorrhea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparisons of the Prevalence, Severity, and Risk Factors of Dysmenorrhea between Japanese Female Athletes and Non-Athletes in Universities

Momma

Nakata

Sawai

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This study aimed to investigate the difference in the prevalence, severity, and risk factors of dysmenorrhea between Japanese female athletes and non-athletes in universities. The participants were 18 to 30 years old with no history of a previous pregnancy and/or childbirth. After application of the exclusion criteria, the cohort comprised 605 athletes and 295 non-athletes. An anonymous questionnaire, which included self-reported information on age, height, weight, age at menarche, menstrual cycle days, menstrual duration, dysmenorrhea severity, sleeping hours, dietary habits, exercise habits, training hours, and competition level was administered. Compared with athletes, non-athletes had a higher prevalence of dysmenorrhea (85.6% in athletes, 90.5% in athletes, p < 0.05); non-athletes also demonstrated increased severity (none/mild 27.8%, moderate 19.3%, and severe 52.9% in athletes; none/mild 21.2%, moderate 17.2%, and severe 61.6% in non-athletes; p < 0.05). Factors related to severe dysmenorrhea in athletes included long training hours, early menarche, and prolonged menstrual periods. In non-athletes, short menstrual cycle days and extended menstrual periods were related to severe dysmenorrhea. The prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea were higher among non-athletes than among athletes; different factors were related to severe dysmenorrhea in these two groups. Thus, different strategies are necessary to manage dysmenorrhea for athletes and non-athletes in universities.

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Association between cigarette smoking and the risk of dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis of observational studies

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence, risk factors, and management practices of primary dysmenorrhea among young females

Comparisons of the Prevalence, Severity, and Risk Factors of Dysmenorrhea between Japanese Female Athletes and Non-Athletes in Universities

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