Association between Clinical and Ultrasonic Characteristics of Varicocele and Lower Extremity Varicose Vein in Men

Qiu, Peng; Zha, Binshan; Zhu, Hui; Xie, Wenhui; Si, Xiaomao; Tang, Dongdong; Zhang, Chao

doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.05.105

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…2 Of note, the studies have shown that the incidence of the coexistence of coronary artery ectasia with varicocele and LEVI have increased, while some other studies have shown an association between varicocele and LEVI. [3][4][5] Lower extremity venous insufficiency is a commonly encountered pathology of unknown cause, with a reported incidence of 5% to 51%. [6][7][8] Insufficiency of the venous valves of the lower extremities and venous reflux are the two most common manifestations of LEVI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of hemorrhoidal disease and lower extremity venous insufficiency in primary adult varicocele: A prospective controlled study

et al. 2019

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Background The study investigated the association between varicocele, lower extremity venous insufficiency and hemorrhoidal disease. Methods The study included 62 patients with varicocele and 60 voluntary subjects with no varicocele. Patients who were diagnosed as having varicocele on physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography were included in the study group. Examination of lower extremity venous insufficiency was performed by physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography. Examination of hemorrhoidal disease was performed by a general surgery specialist. Results The patients with varicocele had a statistically significant ( p < 0.05) higher rates of venous insufficiency of the lower extremities and had a borderline significant difference of higher hemorrhoidal disease rates ( p = 0.05). Therewithal incidences of hemorrhoidal disease and lower extremity venous insufficiency were significantly higher in body mass index > 25 and age > 30 years of varicocele patients. Conclusion There is a statistically significant relation between varicocele, lower extremity venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoidal disease. In particular, varicocele patients who are aged over 30 years and overweight are at higher risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of hemorrhoidal disease and lower extremity venous insufficiency in primary adult varicocele: A prospective controlled study

et al. 2019

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“…14 In addition, patients with lower extremity varicose veins have been documented with a higher incidence of varicocele. In a case-control study including lower extremity varicose veins patients (n = 1000) and controls (n = 100) by Qiu et al, 20 higher varicocele risk was found in lower extremity varicose veins patients, suggesting a positive correlation between the severity of the two vascular diseases. Hence, performing a Doppler ultrasonography of lower extremity veins in varicocele patients may be beneficial for diagnosing and preventing lower extremity venous insufficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The association between varicocele and other vascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Chen

Luo²,

Wen-ji

et al. 2022

Phlebology

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Objective This study is aimed to evaluate the association between varicocele and other vascular diseases through a systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Material and methods We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science for studies that reported varicocele and other vascular diseases published before 30 June 2021. The meta-analysis was performed by Revman V.5.2 to calculate the pooled odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Subsequently, the impact of publication bias was evaluated, and sensitivity analysis as performed to assess our results’ robustness. Results In total, seven case–control studies, including 803 varicocele cases and 727 controls, were included. Our meta-analysis results showed that the varicocele patients had a higher risk of saphenofemoral insufficiency when compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR]: 2.80; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 2.03, 3.84; p < 0.00001). Additionally, varicocele patients also had a higher risk of lower extremity venous insufficiency when compared with the control group (OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.58, 3.47; p < 0.0001). However, there was no statistical difference in hemorrhoid risk between both groups (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.28, 4.59; p = 0.87). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that varicocele patients have higher risk of saphenofemoral and lower extremity venous insufficiencies but not the risk of hemorrhoids.

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“…They found that patients with varicose veins had a significant increase in the rate of appearance of varicocele. Interestingly, they found that there was also a relation between the maximum diameter of the spermatic vein and lower extremity varicose veins (23). Varicose veins are the result of chronic venous insufficiency, of which SFI is a main cause (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although varicocele is not categorized as a CVD, the pathophysiology of varicocele has common compartments with the pathophysiology of CVDs. Regarding the similarity in the pathophysiology, there may be a relationship between the occurrence of varicocele and varicose veins (23). Even though there are previous studies on the relationship between varicocele and varicose veins, no agreement exists in this regard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Is There a Link Between Saphenofemoral Insufficiency and Varicocele: Imaging Study of Sub-Fertile Men

et al. 2020

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Background:Varicocele is an important cause of infertility in men. Some studies have suggested that because of the similar pathologic processes involved in chronic venous diseases and varicocele, saphenofemoral insufficiency is an example of chronic venous disease, which causes varicose veins in the lower extremity. It is thought that there may be a relation between saphenofemoral abnormality and the emergence of varicocele, but this relation is not backed by sufficient evidence. Methods: In this prospective diagnostic study, a total of 50 patients suffering from varicocele and 50 control patients were included. Ultrasonography was performed to determine the emergence of saphenofemoral insufficiency (SFI). Results:Mean age of patients in the varicocele group and the control group was 32.4 ± 8.44, and 34.9 ± 6.39, respectively. Out of 50 patients being included in the study with varicocele, 8 had left sided SFI and 9 had right sided SFI, while in the control group, 4 patients were diagnosed with SFI, 2 on each side. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. There was no relation between the time from diagnosis of varicocele, side of varicocele and the existence of saphenofemoral insufficiency. Conclusions: Saphenofemoral insufficiency was shown to be significantly related to varicocele, and can be a sign of probability of emergence or re-emergence of varicocele, and further can be used in clinical examination to guide clinicians in diagnosing varicocele.

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Association between Clinical and Ultrasonic Characteristics of Varicocele and Lower Extremity Varicose Vein in Men

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Evaluation of hemorrhoidal disease and lower extremity venous insufficiency in primary adult varicocele: A prospective controlled study

Evaluation of hemorrhoidal disease and lower extremity venous insufficiency in primary adult varicocele: A prospective controlled study

The association between varicocele and other vascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Is There a Link Between Saphenofemoral Insufficiency and Varicocele: Imaging Study of Sub-Fertile Men

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