Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies

Marsh, Louise; Vaneckova, Pavla; Robertson, Lindsay; Johnson, Trent O; Doscher, Crile; Raskind, Ilana G; Schleicher, Nina C.; Henriksen, Lisa

doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102275

Cited by 64 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…These results are supported by existing research, which has indicated that tobacco retail outlet density is associated with smoking. 17 Finally, this study also explored possible mechanisms that explain the associations between regional cigarette production and SHS exposure as well as tobacco retail outlet density and SHS exposure. Results showed that these associations may be explained by the level of tobacco advertisement, which then influenced attitude and behaviour towards smoking and SHS exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of cigarette production and tobacco retailer density on secondhand smoke exposure in urban China

et al. 2021

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The primary aims of this study are to examine the associations between two key environmental factors—regional cigarette tobacco production and tobacco retail outlet density—and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in urban China and to explore the possible mechanisms that explain this association.MethodsA cross-sectional multistage sampling design was used to collect individual information in 21 cities in China. Environmental variables were retrieved from national databases. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between regional cigarette tobacco production, tobacco retail outlet density and SHS exposure. Structural equation modelling was employed to determine possible mechanisms.ResultsSHS exposure prevalence defined as daily exposure to SHS for at least 15 min/day at the time of the survey was found to be 28.1% among non-smokers (95% CI 27.1 to 29.0) across the 21 cities. The multilevel logistic regressions showed that province-level per capital cigarette production (OR: 2.72 (95% CI 1.56 to 4.76)and per GDP cigarette production(OR:1.69(95% CI 1,42,2.01), and city-level tobacco retail outlet density (OR: 2.66 (95% CI 1.63 to 4.38)) were significantly associated with SHS exposure. Moreover, results showed that these associations may be explained by the level of tobacco advertisement, which influences social norms, including attitudes and behaviours toward SHS exposure.ConclusionsFindings shed light on the role of cigarette manufacturers and retailers in producing environmental SHS pollution. To address the health and economic burden associated with SHS in China, it will be critical for the Chinese government to enact tobacco control measures consistent with the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Efforts should also focus on restricting the permitted density of tobacco retail outlets, and tobacco production in China.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of cigarette production and tobacco retailer density on secondhand smoke exposure in urban China

et al. 2021

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“…Overall, 35 studies, published between 2003 and 2019, were included in the qualitative synthesis (table 1). Most studies (19) were conducted in the USA, while others came from Canada, [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] New Zealand, 32 33 Finland, 34 35 Australia 3 36 37 and Scotland. 38 39 The majority (29) examined cigarette use; few focused on e-cigarettes 31 40-42 or on alternative/non-combustible tobacco products that included e-cigarettes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, five reviews have attempted to summarise the evidence on this topic. Notably, four reviews [17][18][19][20] focused solely on youth and young adults and one did not differentiate between youth and adult studies. 21 A meta-analysis 17 examined the relationship between retailer density near adolescents' homes and schools and past 30-day smoking, and did not consider proximity to outlets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A narrative review 18 included studies of retailer density and proximity with diverse smoking outcomes, but did not distinguish between exposure near schools versus homes. Systematic 19 and methodological 20 reviews examined studies on retailer density and proximity near schools and homes and diverse youth smoking outcomes. The conclusions emphasised fundamental challenges in study designs and measures of retailer exposure across studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveStates and localities are formulating strategies to reduce the widespread retail availability of tobacco products. Evidence of associations between retailer density/proximity and tobacco use outcomes can help inform those strategies. We conducted a scoping review on tobacco retail availability and cigarette/e-cigarette use in adults and youth, and considered variations in spatial units, measures of retailer exposure and outcomes across studies.MethodsA systematic search for studies examining the association between retailer density/proximity and youth and adult cigarette/e-cigarette use was conducted across MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Google Scholar through 27 August 2020 with no restrictions.ResultsThirty-five studies were included in our qualitative synthesis. While there were differences in neighbourhood definitions (eg, egocentric vs administrative), there is evidence for a positive association between higher retailer density in egocentric neighbourhoods around homes and current smoking in adults and adolescents. Administrative unit measures in some studies showed associations with adult current smoking, and adolescent lifetime and current smoking. Studies on tobacco outlet proximity to homes obtained mixed results. Density/proximity of tobacco outlets around schools showed no or inverse association with adolescent smoking, but suggests higher susceptibility to smoking. Evidence of an association between e-cigarette retail availability and e-cigarette use is limited due to a small number of studies.ConclusionThe current literature provides limited empirical evidence of the association between tobacco retailer availability and smoking or e-cigarette use. More research with uniform measures of environmental exposure to tobacco retailers is needed to allow for greater comparability between studies.

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“…Other studies utilize Kernel Density Estimates (KDE) to generate continuous surface maps to model tobacco retailer density [10][11][12] , while others still have calculated the number of tobacco retailers within a defined area such as a census tract 13 . Several systematic reviews [14][15][16][17] and a meta-analysis 18 have documented statistically significant associations between tobacco retailer density and smoking behavior amongst both youth and adults, particularly around participants' homes and activity spaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco retailer density and smoking behavior in a rural Australian jurisdiction without a tobacco retailer licensing system

Baker¹,

Masood²,

Rahman³

et al. 2021

Tob. Induc. Dis.

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will die from smoking-related illnesses globally by 2050, and smoking will kill approximately 1 billion people by the end of the 21st century 2 . Despite this, tobacco products continue to be sold alongside everyday consumer products via an estimated 14 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION An emerging body of research has developed around tobacco retailer density and its contribution to smoking behavior. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between tobacco retailer density and smoking behavior in a rural Australian jurisdiction without a tobacco retailer licensing system in place. METHODS A local government database (updated 2018) of listed tobacco retailers (n=93) was accessed and potential unlisted tobacco retailers (n=230) were added using online searches. All retailers (n=323) were visited in 2019 and GPS coordinates of retailers that sold tobacco (n=125) were assigned to suburbs in ArcMap. A community survey conducted in the Local Government Area provided smoking and sociodemographic data amongst adult respondents (n=8981). Associations between tobacco retailer density (calculated as the number of retailers per km 2 based on respondents' suburb of residence) and daily, occasional and experimental smoking were assessed using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Separate models with and without covariates were undertaken. RESULTS Without adjusting for possible confounders, living in suburbs with greater retailer density did not increase the odds of daily smoking (OR=1.01; 95% CI: 0.92-1.12), occasional smoking (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 0.94-1.18), or experimental smoking (OR=0.98; 95% 0.92-1.05). However, after adjustment, living in suburbs with greater retailer density increased the odds of occasional smoking behavior (AOR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.10-1.71) but not daily or experimental smoking. CONCLUSIONS This study found a significant positive association between tobacco retailer density and the likelihood of occasional smoking in a rural Australian jurisdiction without a tobacco retailer licensing system in place. The findings strengthen calls for the introduction of a comprehensive, positive tobacco retailer licensing system to provide a framework for improving compliance with legislation and to reduce the overall availability of tobacco products in the community.

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Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies

Cited by 64 publications

References 54 publications

Association of cigarette production and tobacco retailer density on secondhand smoke exposure in urban China

Association of cigarette production and tobacco retailer density on secondhand smoke exposure in urban China

Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review

Tobacco retailer density and smoking behavior in a rural Australian jurisdiction without a tobacco retailer licensing system

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