Association between depression and cardiovascular disease risk in general population of Korea: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016

Abstract

BackgroundDepression is considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated with changes in individuals' health status that might influence CVD risk. However, most studies have scrutinized this relationship on a rather narrower and specific study population. By focusing on general population of Korea, we sought to inspect the association of depression with CVD risk and cardiovascular risk factors.MethodsThe data from the first year (2016) of the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. Participants were classified by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score as such: normal group (PHQ-9 score 0–4), mild depression (MD) group (PHQ-9 score 5–9) and moderate and severe depression (MSD) group (PHQ-9 score 10–27). General linear model was used to analyze differences and the trend of mean CVD risk according to depression level. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated by logistic regression to identify the association between depression and cardiovascular risk factors after adjusting for age.ResultsMean CVD risk of MSD group was higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). There was a tendency of CVD risk to increase as depression worsened (p < 0.01). Among men, MSD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78–4.97), taking antihypertensive medications (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.26–4.66), increased fasting blood sugar (> 125 mg/dL; AOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.25–4.50) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.65–5.72). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18–2.17). Among women, MSD group was associated with high body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m2; AOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.11–2.32), large waist circumference (≥ 85 cm; AOR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.12–2.37), current smoking (AOR, 5.11; 95% CI, 3.07–8.52) and taking diabetes medications (AOR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.68–4.08). MD group was associated with current smoking (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18–2.93).ConclusionsWe suggest that depression is associated with increased risk for CVD occurrence in general population of Korea.

Influence of Life Satisfaction on Quality of Life: Mediating Roles of Depression and Anxiety Among Cardiovascular Disease Patients

“…A study involving patients having experienced heart failure has showed that the PHQ-9 is effective in identifying depressive symptoms (Bhatt et al, 2016). In addition, the PHQ-9 has been widely used in many depression studies on patients with cardiovascular disease (Ludwig et al, 2018; Song et al, 2019; Suzuki et al, 2016). The Cronbach alpha in this study for this assessment was 0.899.…”

Self-Esteem as a Mediator between Life Satisfaction and Depression among Cardiovascular Disease Patients

“…Higher scores mean higher depression (Kroenke et al, 2001). In addition, many studies have confirmed that PHQ-9 is an effective tool for the study of depression in patients with CVDs (Ludwig et al, 2018;Song et al, 2019;Suzuki et al, 2016). The Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.90.…”

The relationship between lifestyle risk factors and depression in Korean older adults: a moderating effect of gender

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