Association between depression, anxiety, and stress with sleep quality in Indonesian people during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Background: To prevent the spread of COVID-19, authorities implemented health protocols such as quarantine, large-scale social restrictions, and lockdowns. Data on the psychological effects and sleep quality as a result of these health protocols are still limited.Objective: This study was aimed to determine the association between depression, anxiety, and stress with sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.Methods: An online survey was used to do a cross-sectional study among students in Indonesia. Sociodemographic information, including age, gender, religion, level of education, and regions, was analyzed. Levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were measured using the DASS-21 questionnaire. Sleep quality was determined using Pittsburgh Sleeping Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Chi-square was used to evaluate the variables for bivariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis.Results: A total of 913 participants from across Indonesia included to this study. Adolescent (OR=0.367, 95% CI=0.199-0.679), female (OR=1.437, 95% CI=1.095-1.886), and high school students (OR= 0.737, 95% CI=0.544-0.999) had a higher risk for having poor sleep quality. In the multivariate analysis there were significant relationship between sleep quality with depression (Adjusted OR= 1.887, 95% CI=1.330-2.679), anxiety (Adjusted OR=1.731, 95% CI=1.221-2.455), stress (Adjusted OR= 2.577, 95% CI=1.617-4.107), use of sleeping medication (Adjusted OR=9.070, 95% CI=2.062-39.896) and age (Adjusted OR= 0.414, 95% CI= 0.205-0.837).Conclusion: There was an association between depression, anxiety, stress, consumption of sleeping medication, age, and poor sleep quality during the pandemic in Indonesia.

Determinants of Poor Sleep Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Women Attending Antenatal Care Services at the Health Facilities of Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study

“…In this study, the overall magnitude of poor sleep quality among pregnant women during the era of COVID-19 was 62.8% (95% CI: 58.1-67.3). This is in line with studies conducted in Indonesia (59.5%) (18) and Northern Ethiopia (68.4%) (2). But, the magnitude of poor sleep quality in the current study was lower than in studies conducted in Turkey (88%) (26), China (87%) (11), and the United States (73%) (1).…”

“…Disturbed sleep during pregnancy is linked to several complications, including preeclampsia, premature birth, gestational diabetes, postpartum depression, and intrauterine growth retardation (9,13). Studies in different areas of the world reported that the prevalence of poor sleep quality among pregnant women was 17% in Peru (14), 41.2% in Vietnam (15), 43.1% in the Asian population (4), 45.7% in Canada (16), 51.8-87% in China (10,11), 53.3% in Pakistan (17), 59.5% in Indonesia (18), 73% in the United States (1). Some studies showed the prevalence of poor sleep quality among pregnant women before the pandemic in Ethiopia at Jimma medical center 30.8% (8) and Wadila primary hospital 68.4% (2).…”

“…The determinants of poor sleep quality among pregnant women significantly varied with the trimester of the pregnancy. Overall, poor sleep quality had a direct correlation with advanced age, maternal education level, being unmarried, anxiety, depression, stress, gestational age, multiparous, multigravida, and watching television in the bedroom (2,8,10,11,15,18). In addition, there are also many external stressful situations, like the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can result in disturbed sleep during pregnancy.…”

Comparing Fear of COVID-19 and Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Between Iranian and Taiwanese Older People: Early Reaction May Be a Key

“…Beyond the common factors reported in the literature, the novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) has the potential to significantly impact both the mental and physical health of older adults. Moreover, the impacts of COVID-19 on individuals' stress and mental health have been frequently reported worldwide (8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Generation Z: A cross-sectional study in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…The COVID-19 pandemic impacts health, economic, social, and other sectors (Abas et al, 2021). The government has made efforts to reduce transmission, cases of COVID-19, and deaths by increasing herd immunity (Irnaningsih et al, 2021;Argo et al, 2021). The COVID-19 vaccination aims to achieve herd immunity in the community and protect the public from this virus (Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2021).…”