Association Between Enactment of a “Stand Your Ground” Self-defense Law and Unlawful Homicides in Florida

Humphreys, David K.; Gasparrini, Antonio; Wiebe, Douglas J.

doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3433

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These findings support the hypothesis that rates of adolescent firearm homicide increased as a result of enacting Florida’s SYG law. They are also consistent with the 32% reported increase in rates of firearm homicide in adults in Florida 4 5…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…We used segmented quasi-Poisson regression analysis with harmonic terms to model, and control for, seasonal trends while estimating the effect of Florida’s SYG law. We modelled the potential effect of the law as immediate and permanent based on previous findings on the effect of Florida’s SYG law on adult homicides 4 5. All data analysis was conducted in R (V.3.5.2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent research has identified ‘Stand Your Ground’ (SYG) self-defence laws as contributing to the increasing burden of adult firearm homicides (20 years and over) 4–7. SYG laws codify an individual’s right to use lethal force in self-defence from public situations in which threat is perceived, regardless of whether safely retreating from the situation might have been possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increasing adolescent firearm homicides and racial disparities following Florida’s ‘Stand Your Ground’ self-defence law

et al. 2019

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Establishing whether specific laws impact rates of firearm homicide in adolescents is critical for identifying opportunities to reduce preventable adolescent death. We evaluated Florida’s Stand Your Ground law, enacted October 2005, using an interrupted time series design from 1999 to 2017. We used segmented quasi-Poisson regression to model underlying trends in quarterly rates of adolescent (15–19 years) firearm homicide in Florida and disaggregated by race (Black/White). We used synthetic and negative controls (firearm suicide) to address time-varying confounding. Before Florida’s Stand Your Ground law, the mean quarterly rate was 1.53 firearm homicides per 100 000 adolescents. Black adolescents comprised 63.5% of all adolescent firearm homicides before and 71.8% after the law. After adjusting for trends, the law was associated with a 44.6% increase in adolescent firearm homicide. Our analysis indicates that Florida’s Stand Your Ground is associated with a significant increase in firearm homicide and may also exacerbate racial disparities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increasing adolescent firearm homicides and racial disparities following Florida’s ‘Stand Your Ground’ self-defence law

et al. 2019

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“…Overall, associations were null; 1 study found a small, negative average association with nonfirearm homicides 31 (consistently conceptualized as a negative control 18,31,35 ). Two combinable studies showed positive but variable associations between expanding selfdefense laws and justifiable homicide rates across the United States, 17,37 in line with noncombinable US- 25 and Florida-based 24 evidence. A fifth study showed that homicides were more likely to be ruled justifiable in SYG versus non-SYG states.…”

Section: Main Effectsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Background. Since 2005, most US states have expanded civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense outside the home. In most cases, legislation has included removing the duty to retreat anywhere one may legally be, commonly known as stand-your-ground laws. The extent to which these laws affect public health and safety is widely debated in public and policy discourse. Objectives. To synthesize the available evidence on the impacts and social inequities associated with changing civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense on violence, injury, crime, and firearm-related outcomes. Search Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, Education Resources Information Center, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, National Bureau of Economic Research working papers, and SocArXiv; harvested references of included studies; and consulted with experts to identify studies until April 2020. Selection Criteria. Eligible studies quantitatively estimated the association between laws that expanded or restricted the right to use deadly force in self-defense and population or subgroup outcomes among civilians with a comparator. Data Collection and Analysis. Two reviewers extracted study data using a common form. We assessed study quality using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tools adapted for (controlled) before–after studies. To account for data dependencies, we conducted graphical syntheses (forest plots and harvest plots) to summarize the evidence on impacts and inequities associated with changing self-defense laws. Main Results. We identified 25 studies that estimated population-level impacts of laws expanding civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense, all of which focused on stand-your-ground or other expansions to self-defense laws in the United States. Studies were scored as having serious or critical risk of bias attributable to confounding. Risk of bias was low across most other domains (i.e., selection, missing data, outcome, and reporting biases). Stand-your-ground laws were associated with no change to small increases in violent crime (total and firearm homicide, aggravated assault, robbery) on average across states. Florida-based studies showed robust increases (24% to 45%) in firearm and total homicide while self-defense claims under stand-your-ground law were more often denied when victims were White, especially when claimants were racial minorities. Author’s Conclusions. The existing evidence contradicts claims that expanding self-defense laws deters violent crime across the United States. In at least some contexts, including Florida, stand-your-ground laws are associated with increases in violence, and there are racial inequities in the application of these laws. Public Health Implications. In some US states, most notably Florida, stand-your-ground laws may have harmed public health and safety and exacerbated social inequities. Our findings highlight the need for scientific evidence on both population and equity impacts of self-defense laws to guide legislative action that promotes public health and safety for all. Trial Registration. Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/uz68e ). (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print February 23, 2021: e1–e14. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306101 )

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“…7,9,10 Commercialization of non-lethal weapons became a trending topic in the last decade due to the increasing in violence around the world. Government departments and the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) [11][12][13][14] had reported an increase from 5 to 41% in crimes, in different countries between the years of 2010 and 2016, in which more than 50% of the homicides and assaults were committed by the use of guns or knives. 14 These data also indicate that there are some occasions where the victim could defense herself if she had instruments to help her.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives and Applications of Natural Products as Civilian Defense Devices

Antonio¹,

Fonseca²,

Mendes³

et al. 2019

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Civilian defense devices are physical and chemical artefacts used to incapacitate an aggressor without causing death or injury. As city violence increases, safety feelings became worst and a growing commercial demand for these materials supply faces technologically challenges not only to riot control but also to self-protection. Controversies on the use of these devices have been discussed, especially on their toxicity when synthetic chemical agents are used. Natural metabolites are a less explored alternative to meet this demand. They have the capacity to generate a temporary disabling effect due to their pungency. Those metabolites, which include capsaicinoids, gingerols and piperine, can be used as deterrent agents in civilian defense devices due to their low toxicity to humans. Although they are a viable alternative, there are few studies focused on their quality control, efficiency and toxicity. This review aimed to present relevant aspects about the development and use of natural products as deterrent agents in self-defense devices against aggressors and animals, and as non-lethal weapons for riot control in order to help the scientific development of this type of bioproduct. was a member of the CAPES and Brazilian pharmacopoeia committees and has published 143 articles in specialized magazines, 13 patents and 38 book chapters, with 50 thesis and dissertations supervised.

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Association Between Enactment of a “Stand Your Ground” Self-defense Law and Unlawful Homicides in Florida

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Increasing adolescent firearm homicides and racial disparities following Florida’s ‘Stand Your Ground’ self-defence law

Increasing adolescent firearm homicides and racial disparities following Florida’s ‘Stand Your Ground’ self-defence law

Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review

Perspectives and Applications of Natural Products as Civilian Defense Devices

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