Association between metabolic control and oral health in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease and can be reflected in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of metabolic control on saliva, dental caries, dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and cariogenic bacteria in saliva. Methods A case–control epidemiologic study was performed on children with type 1 diabetes (ages 10–15 years) separated into two groups: 34 children with good metabolic control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c < 7.5%) and 46 children with poor metabolic control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c > 7.5%). Oral status was assessed using the Decay, Missing, and Filled Teeth index for permanent teeth (DMFT), plaque index and gingival index. The stimulated salivary flow rate was measured, and the colonies of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in saliva were determined. The observed children answered questions related to their frequency of brushing habits, dental visits and parents’ education. Mann–Whitney U Test, Chi-Square test and Fisher’s exact test were used in the statistical analyses. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The children with diabetes with poor metabolic control had significantly higher values of the DMFT index, plaque index, and gingival index, more colonies, and a higher risk of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus than the children with diabetes with good metabolic control (p < 0.001). The level of metabolic control of diabetes had no influence on salivary flow rates (p > 0.05). The majority of both groups with good and poor metabolic control brushed their teeth once per day, and they visited the dentist only when necessary (61.3%). However, the parents of children in both groups had medium to low levels of education, without any significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion The results indicate that children with diabetes have a lower level of oral hygiene and are potentially to dental caries and periodontal diseases, mainly when their metabolic disorder is uncontrolled.

Knowledge and perception of bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A questionnaire study

“…The PD and dental caries were potentially higher in T1DM children with a lower level of oral hygiene, where brushing teeth was performed once a day and dental visit was commenced when necessary. [ 20 ] A similar finding of T1DM oral hygiene practice was found in an earlier study by Eldarrat[ 21 ], who reported mean toothbrushing frequency was only once daily, and 42% did not even floss. Another study reported similar toothbrushing frequency in T1DM and highlighted the practice level was even lower in adolescents (13–18 years).…”

The influence of type 1 diabetes on the hard dental tissues and the development of caries (literature review)

“…Отже, поганий метаболічний контроль ЦД підвищує рівень впливу цих факторів [7]. Згідно з дослідженням A.A. Alavi та співавт., показники інтенсивності карієсу DMFT для дітей із ЦД становили 9,64 ± 4,64 і були вірогідно вищими порівняно з контрольною групою [8].…”

Genetic characterization of glyoxalase pathway in oral streptococci and its contribution to interbacterial competition

“…For example, studies of periodontal diseases in the context of diabetes have established a two-way relationship between T2DM and microbiome dysbiosis that is often the driving force behind deteriorating periodontal health [ 19 ]. For dental caries, there has been an increasing body of evidence associating poor glycemic control with increased risk for dental caries [ 20–25 ]. As such, more in-depth research is needed to address the impact of increased excretion of RES on microbial homeostasis in the context of dental caries.…”