Association between metabolic syndrome and 13 types of cancer in Catalonia: A matched case-control study

Abstract

Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is the simultaneous occurrence of a cluster of predefined cardiovascular risk factors. Although individual MS components are associated with increased risk of cancer, it is still unclear whether the association between MS and cancer differs from the association between individual MS components and cancer. The aim of this matched case-control study was to estimate the association of 13 types of cancer with (1) MS and (2) the diagnosis of 0, 1 or 2 individual MS components. Methods Cases included 183,248 patients ≥40 years from the SIDIAP database with incident cancer diagnosed between January 2008-December 2017. Each case was matched to four controls by inclusion date, sex and age. Adjusted conditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between MS and cancer risk, comparing the effect of global MS versus having one or two individual components of MS. Results MS was associated with an increased risk of the following cancers: colorectal (OR: 1.28, 95%CI: 1.23–1.32), liver (OR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.74–2.14), pancreas (OR: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.63–1.98), post-menopausal breast (OR: 1.10, 95%CI: 1.06–1.15), pre-menopausal endometrial (OR: 2.14, 95%CI: 1.74–2.65), post-menopausal endometrial (OR: 2.46, 95%CI: 2.20–2.74), bladder (OR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.34–1.48), kidney (OR: 1.84, 95%CI: 1.69–2.00), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.10–1.38), leukaemia (OR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.31–1.54), lung (OR: 1.11, 95%CI: 1.05–1.16) and thyroid (OR: 1.71, 95%CI: 1.50–1.95). Except for prostate, pre-menopause breast cancer and Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, MS is associated with a higher risk of cancer than 1 or 2 individual MS components. Estimates were significantly higher in men than in women for colorectal and lung cancer, and in smokers than in non-smokers for lung cancer. Conclusion MS is associated with a higher risk of developing 11 types of common cancer, with a positive correlation between number of MS components and risk of cancer.

Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Renal Cell Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

“…listed in Figure 1. Finally, eight observational studies were identified and included in the meta-analysis (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30).…”

“…These studies were performed in Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Spain, Korea, and China, and designed as prospective cohorts (23)(24)(25)28), retrospective cohorts (26,27,29), and the matched case-control study (30). Six of them included adult participants in community settings (23,24,(26)(27)(28)30), while the other two included adult patients with vascular diseases (25) and adults with hepatitis B virus infection (29). The sample sizes of the included studies varied between 6,172 and 7,613,865.…”

“…Overall, 13573 cases of RCC were observed in the meta-analysis, which were diagnosed and validated in national cancer registries (23)(24)(25) or codes of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (26)(27)(28)(29)(30). Confounding variables such as age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), and exercise etc.…”

“…Five of the included studies reported the association between MetS and RCC by sex of the included participants (23-25, 27, 30), and these datasets were included separately in the metaanalysis. Finally, 13 datasets from eight observational studies (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) were available for the meta-analysis. A significant between-study heterogeneity was observed (p for Cochrane's Q test < 0.001, I 2 = 85%).…”

“…For example, MetS has been related to increased risks of colorectal cancer (16), esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer (17), breast cancer (18), endometrial cancer (19), and prostate cancer (20), but not to the risks of lung cancer (21) and gastric cancer (22). Although some studies have also evaluated the association between MetS and RCC (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), the results were not consistent and it remains unknown whether MetS is independently associated with the incidence of RCC. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to comprehensively investigate the possible relationship between MetS and the risk of RCC in adult population.…”