Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profile in Mexican Adolescents: A Trans Fatty Acid Approach

Abstract

<p align="justify"> The type of fat consumed in the Mexican diet could predispose to the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) which has been associated with an increased risk to develop cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our study included adolescents between 12 and 16 years of age, divided in two groups: Control Group (n = 31) and MS Group (n = 44). Waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol were determined. Erythrocytes’ fatty acids methyl esthers were quantified using gas chromatography with ionized flame detector. We identified 16 fatty acids (FA) with chain lengths from C12 to C24, with emphasis in four trans FA (TFA) isomers: vaccenic (C18:1n7<em>t</em>), elaidic (C18:1n9<em>t</em>), linoelaidic (C18:2n6<em>t</em>), and conjugated linoelaidic acids (C18:2n7<em>t</em>). MS Group had a less proportion of: myristic (C14), palmitoleic (C16:1), C18:1n7<em>t</em>, and linoleic acids (C18:2); and a higher one of C18:1n9<em>t</em>, C18:2n7<em>t</em>, and nervonic acids (C24:1) when compared to the control group. C24:1 and C18:1n9<em>t</em> had a significant positive association with MS (OR = 14.17 and OR = 12.94, respectively); whereas C14 (OR = 0.14), C18:1n7<em>t</em> (OR = 0.14), and C18:2 (OR = 0.22) appear to have a protective effect against the disease. The proportion of specific FAs in erythrocytes’ membranes differs between adolescents with MS and healthy controls; these FA not only showed a strong association with MS, but also correlated with most of its individual components. Interestingly, TFA displayed an antagonic behavior; while C18:1n9<em>t</em> had a strong association with MS, apparently C18:1n7<em>t</em> confers a protective effect; these results suggest that analyzing each TFA separately will constitute a more accurate approach to determine the role of TFAs in the pathogenesis of MS or other related metabolic disorders. </p

n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A Meta-Analysis

“…Of the 48 articles examined by full-text, an additional 21 articles were excluded for various reasons (e.g., studies without providing n -3 PUFAs composition, studies from prospective cohort, or intervention studies). Finally, 27 studies were eligible for the present study, including 13 studies form Europe [ 8 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], 10 studies from Asia [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 18 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], three studies from North America [ 16 , 34 , 35 ], and one study from South America [ 36 ] ( Table S1 ).…”

“…The difference of circulating n -3 PUFAs between cases and controls was also explored. No significant difference was found between cases and controls with respect to circulating ALA (WMD: 0.02; 95% CI: −0.02, 0.25) ( Figure S2 ) [ 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 36 ] and EPA (WMD: −0.02; 95% CI: −0.08, 0.03) ( Figure 4 ) [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 21 , 27 , 31 , 33 , 36 ], while circulating n -3 PUFAs (WMD: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.43) ( Figure 4 ) [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 33 ], DPA (WMD: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.14) ( Figure 5 ) [ 11 , 12 , 15 , 33 ] and DHA (WMD: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.16) ( Figure 5 ) [ 9 , 10 , 11 ,…”

Assessment of Lipid Quality and Composition of Commercial Infant Milk Formulas in Mexico: Emphasis on &lt;i&gt;Trans&lt;/i&gt; Fatty Acid Isomers

“…Recent studies in adults and in pediatric populations have shown that a high dietary intake of industrial origin TFA increases serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TG, and decreases serum HDL-C [11] [12]; besides, the human lipase enzyme is specific for cis configuration and is ineffective with trans configuration, so trans fat remains in the bloodstream for a much longer period of time. In contrast, some authors report that natural origin TFA (C18:1n-7t and C18:2n-7t) confer protective effects against metabolic disorders [13]. The acceptable limit for total TFAs is 3% of the total fat content.…”

Effect of Milk-Based Infant Formula Fortified with PUFAs on Lipid Profile, Growth and Micronutrient Status of Young Children: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial

“…PUFAs ranging from 12-22 chain length carbon atoms and peaks were identified by comparing their retention times with those of high purity (>99%) standard mixtures (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, 37 FAs mixture). Results were expressed as a percentage of all fatty acids detected with a chain length between 12 and 22 carbon atoms [21,22].…”