Global climate change poses an increasingly dire threat to habitats, livelihoods, and communities worldwide. In this study, we have tried to examine the state of improved shelter facilities in India, utilizing the methodology outlined by UN-Habitat. The ndings of our research alarm that over one-third of India's population lacks access to adequate shelter. Moreover, a signi cant disparity in the availability of improved shelter facilities is observed across various states in India. In regions prone to hazards such as oods and earthquakes, there is a considerable lag in terms of improved shelter provisions. On the other hand, non-hazardous areas demonstrate relatively higher rates of access to improved shelter. Our study reveals a marked distinction between improved shelter and hazard-free improved shelter estimates.Merely two out of every ve households in India can be considered safe from the perils of oods, landslides, and earthquakes. However, the situation is considerably worse in rural areas, where both improved shelter and hazard-free improved shelter are scarce. This highlights the urgent need to adopt hazard-free improved shelter as a more re ned metric for housing, as it can prove instrumental in guiding effective planning and policymaking initiatives. To ensure a risk-free living environment for future generations, it is imperative to undertake micro-level vulnerability mapping and conduct comprehensive risk assessments for various hazards. Furthermore, the government must take proactive measures to promote resilient housing infrastructure as a crucial component of sustainable development.
IntroductionGlobal climate change has largely affected the nature of weather patterns and the occurrence of extreme climatic events. Natural disasters have become more prevalent and destructive than ever before. that become major threats to human beings and the global economy (Guo 2010). In the last few decades, a ten-fold increase was observed in the number of natural disasters across the globe (Ecological Threats Register 2020). Globally a total of 367 major natural disasters were registered in 127 nations. These disasters are primarily caused by a high frequency of ood, storm, earthquake (Guo 2010), along with the others like wild re, draught, landslide, volcanic eruptions and extreme. In 2021, around 104 million people were affected worldwide, while 10492 people died. In the same year, a loss worth USD 252.14 billion was estimated (Global Natural Disaster Assessment Report 2022). The frequency of extreme events is mainly concentrated in Asian, South American and European countries (Global Natural Disaster Assessment Report 2022).According to the Natural Disaster Databook, Asia is the most disaster-prone region in the world in 2021.Countries like Indonesia (28), India (19), China (17), and the Philippines ( 14) registered the highest number of disaster occurrences (Asian Disaster Reduction Center 2020). The Indian subcontinent is vulnerable to natural disasters such as ood, cyclone, earthquakes, windstorms, landslid...