Association between oxidative stress biomarkers and PON and GST polymorphisms as a predictor for susceptibility to the effects of pesticides

Abstract

Low levels of pesticides persist in the environment and can affect the health of exposed subjects. Oxidative stress is considered as one of the mechanisms responsible for the adverse effects on human health and some molecules may represent useful biomarkers for the evaluation of this physiological balance. This study investigated the role of these biomarkers, such as advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) in relation to genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase (PON)1, PON2, glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1). An increase in the levels of these biomarkers is usually inversely associated with the depletion of the biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The results revealed a statistically significant difference in the sex-dependent variation of AGE, BAP, AOPP and ROM protein levels. Furthermore, an association between the PON2 S331c gene polymorphism and the serum levels of AOPP, ROMs and BAP was found. Thus, compared with AGE, the levels of AOPP and ROMs provided a more sensitive biomarker, with an improved association with the PON2 genotype. Such an association strengthen the importance of PON in the occurrence of oxidative stress. According to these results, an individual's genetic background may be taken into account for the health surveillance of individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides, in order to define a cluster of highly susceptible workers so as to guarantee greater protection.

Toxicology and Microbiota: How Do Pesticides Influence Gut Microbiota? A Review

“…Many efforts, focusing on the mechanisms of oxidative stress and the role played by the genetic profile in terms of susceptibility, have been conducted [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Recently, different studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota (GM) can be affected and altered by different types of environmental pollutants, including some pesticides [ 17 ], therefore the role of the gut microbiota in pesticide-induced toxicity in non-target organisms is gaining increasing attention [ 18 ].…”

Role-Playing Between Environmental Pollutants and Human Gut Microbiota: A Complex Bidirectional Interaction

“…It has been estimated that more than half of species living in the central human GM are sensitive to Gly (84). In addition to altering the microbial composition, a possible mechanism of action could be the modification of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression and immunomodulation as suggested by several studies (85)(86)(87). The mRNA expression levels of several inflammatory mediators [Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Caspase-3, MAPK3, IL-1β, and IL-6] resulted in increase after exposure to Gly, highlighting a notable decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes and enhancement of pathogenic bacteria (60,61).…”

Perspective on prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and the development of the progeny nervous system (Review)

“…Genetic polymorphism refers to the presence of two or more alleles, at a particular locus. Depending on the allele and the gene, these polymorphisms may either protect the individual from pesticides-induced oxidative damage, or conversely, makes its more vulnerable ( 55 , 56 ). For example, two important polymorphisms (Q192R and L55M) in the human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene, a hydrolytic enzyme, which protects the toxicity of organophosphates insecticides, have opposing roles.…”