Association between periodontitis and the development of systemic diseases

Abstract

Periodontal diseases, common infectious diseases seen in humans, are characterized by gingival inflammation and a loss of connective tissue and bone around the roots of teeth, which leads to eventual tooth exfoliation. In the past decade, the association between periodontal diseases and the development of systemic diseases has received increasing attention. Periodontal pathogens and their products, as well as inflammatory mediators produced in periodontal tissues, can enter the bloodstream, thereby causing and/ or contributing to the development of systemic diseases. A variety of recent studies have compiled various results showing that periodontal infections are implicated in the development of various systemic diseases. This review summarizes the evolution of the focal infection theory to the current understanding of the pathophysiology of periodontal disease and presents an update of the mechanisms and relationships between chronic periodontitis and systemic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory infections, preterm delivery of low-birth-weight fetuses and diabetes mellitus.

Hypothyrodism as a risk factor of periodontitis and its relation with vitamin D deficiency: mini-review of literature and a case report

“…In the last decades, various researches reported the role of the systemic condition in disturbing of the periodontal balance causing destruction of periodontal apparatus (1). Thyroxin is an essential hormone for preserving the physiologic body functions.…”

Comparative Effect of Chlorhexidine and Anti-Calculus Mouthrinse on Dental Plaque, Gingival Inflammation and Calculus Formation on Plaque Induced Gingivitis Patients

“…The mechanisms by which periodontal infections may influence systemic health have been described as follows: Oral-hematogenous spread of periodontal pathogens and direct effects to target organs, transtracheal spread of periodontal pathogens and direct effects to target organs and oral-hematogenous spread of cytokines and antibodies with effects at distant organs. 4 Although dental biofilm cannot be completely eradicated, its pathogenicity can be lessened tion between certain microorganisms and periodontal diseases, there has been an increasing interest in the use of antimicrobial agents in their management. 5 Periogen mouthrinse with key ingredients of Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate (TKPP), Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP), Sodium Bicrbonate, Sodium Fluoride and Citric Acid seems to be potential oral rinse for suppressing the mineralization of dental plaque when used on regular basis as an adjunct to tooth brushing.…”

An Experimental Model of Peripheral Vascular Disease Involving the Intravenous Injection of Oral Bacteria

“…1) In particular, numerous studies have investigated the association between cardiovascular disease and periodontal disease, in which the so-called periodontal disease bacteria, that is, the causative microorganisms of periodontal disease, have been detected in atheromatous lesions in coronary arteries with coronary artery disease, 2) clots in lump walls associated with aortic aneurysms, 3,4) blocked blood vessels associated with Buerger disease, 5) and blocked blood vessel walls associated with arteriosclerosis obliterans. 6) In these clinical conditions, periodontal disease bacteria are said to enter the systemic circulation from the oral cavity by changing to a bacteremic state, before they damage the target tissues directly or via lipopolysaccharides originating from the bacteria and/or inflammatory mediators.…”