Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study

Ong, Ken K.; Ahmed, Marion L.; Emmett, Pauline M; Preece, M A; Dunger, David B.

doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7240.967

Cited by 1,474 publications

(1,369 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…40 Furthermore, bioactive factors in breast milk might modulate growth factors, which inhibit adipocyte differentiation in vitro. 41,42 Finally, it has been suggested that exclusively breastfed infants adapt more readily to new foods such as fruits and vegetables, thus influencing the subsequent caloric density of their diet. 43 Considering its many benefits to mother, child and society, exclusive breastfeeding is the recommended practice of infant feeding for the first 6 months of life, 44 and ongoing efforts to support breastfeeding should continue regardless of whether it is an important factor protecting against childhood overweight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

2007

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Objective: To identify those perinatal parameters and characteristics predisposing children to an increased risk of overweight during infancy and preschool years. Design: The analyses were performed using data from the Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers. Subjects: A representative sample of 2374 Greek preschoolers 1-5 years old. Measurements: Anthropometric data, such as body weight, recumbent length and standing height, were obtained by using standard procedures and measuring equipment. Structured interviews were conducted with both parents to collect information on anthropometric, demographic, medical and behavioral data. Finally, children's anthropometric data at birth, 6 and 12 months of age were recorded from their birth certificates and medical records. Results: Children born large for gestational age were 4.59 and 2.19 times more likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children born appropriate for gestational age. On the other hand, children that were exclusively breastfed were 0.49 and 0.54 times less likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children that were exclusively formula fed. Furthermore, 3-to 5-year-old children born to mothers who were both active and passive smokers during pregnancy were 1.79 times more likely of being overweight compared to children born to nonsmoking mothers. Finally, having an overweight father significantly increased the likelihood of childhood overweight at 12 months, 1-3 and 3-5 years of age. Conclusion: Our findings showed that some of the perinatal parameters and characteristics examined in the current study predict overweight at infancy, while others at preschool years. Priority should be given to size at birth, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental overweight, when developing public health strategies to reduce the prevalence of childhood overweight and related chronic disease later in life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

2007

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“…Size at 3 months is therefore more highly related to genotype than size at birth and is a better predictor of adult stature. In humans, there is evidence that catch-up growth is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance as an adult (Ong et al, 2000).…”

Section: Prenatal Programmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing heifer survival and fertility on commercial dairy farms

Wathes

Brickell

Bourne

et al. 2008

Animal

145

114

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The average dairy cow survives only three lactations, reducing the availability of replacement heifers. Prenatal losses occur due to early embryonic mortality (about 40%), later embryo loss (up to 20% in high-yielding herds) or abortion (about 5%). A recent survey of 19 UK herds showed that 7.9% of calves were born dead and 3.4% died within 1 month. During the rearing phase, 6.7% of animals were lost before reaching first service at 15 months due to disease or accident and another 2.3% failed to conceive. Many potential replacements therefore never enter the milking herd. This severely limits opportunities for on-farm selection of breeding cows in addition to presenting a welfare issue and causing economic loss. The most profitable animals once lactation is reached combine good milk production with a regular calving pattern. Some aspects of performance are related to age at first calving (AFC), which in turn is influenced by heifer growth rates. Poorly growing animals required more services to conceive, calved later and subsequently performed badly. Optimum fertility and maximum yield in the first lactation were associated with an AFC of 24 to 25 months. However, heifers calving at 22 to 23 months performed best in terms of total milk yield and survival over the first 5 years, partly because good heifer fertility was associated with better fertility later. We have investigated some possible juvenile predictors of future performance. Low-birth-weight calves were more likely to come from either primiparous mothers or older dams (31 lactations) with higher peak milk yields, suggesting that the uterine environment may limit prenatal calf growth due to competition for nutrients with maternal growth or milk production. Linear trait classification scores for frame size show genetic correlations with longevity. The skeletal measures of height and crown rump length in 1-month-old calves was correlated to subsequent stature, and frame size was correlated to weight at 15 months. It may thus be possible to predict performance from simple size measurements as juveniles. Neither endogenous nor stimulated growth hormone (GH) release in 6-month-old calves were related to milk yield in the first three lactations, but size of a stimulated GH peak was positively related to milk energy values in the first lactation. Cows with delayed ovulation (.45 days) in the first lactation had a higher GH pulse amplitude and lower IGF-I as a juvenile. Cows that partition excess energy into milk in their first lactation may suffer reduced longevity.

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“…One probable cause of the inconsistency between studies is that birth weight acts as a marker not only of growth during fetal life but also of postnatal growth. 54 Small babies tend to catch-up during infancy, 55 and it is variability in infant growth that has been associated most reliably with variability in adiposity in childhood and beyond. However, even here, the findings differ between Western and developing countries.…”

Section: Intra-human Variability In Thriftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrift: a guide to thrifty genes, thrifty phenotypes and thrifty norms

Wells¹

2009

Int J Obes

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There is a growing interest in evolutionary models of human adiposity. Frequent reference has been made to 'thrifty genes' or 'thrifty phenotypes', referring to a variety of metabolic or behavioural traits that in one or the other way imply frugality in the expenditure or storage of energy. However, there is confusion over how the strategy of thrift has been incorporated into human biology. At the broadest level, humans represent a thrifty species relative to other mammals, indicating that metabolic adaptations had a crucial role in the emergence of the Homo lineage, in particular in buffering reproduction from ecological stochasticity. In contemporary humans, some variability in adiposity may be attributable to genotypes systematically favoured in certain ecological settings. Genetic variability is also present within populations, and may be considered bet hedging (distributing risk across offspring to increase parental fitness). Bet hedging is an alternative to genetic drift for accounting for genetic variability in the absence of strong selective pressures. Contrasting with genetic variability emerging over the long-term, thrifty phenotypes represent a response to short-term ecological variability. Physiological plasticity allows the emergence of variability across the life course in response to ecological cues experienced directly or by very recent ancestors. Finally, cultural norms or individual preferences allow voluntary behavioural manipulation of thrift in individuals. Overall, there is a range of factors and processes both favouring and opposing thrifty genes, which may reflect moderate bet hedging rather than systematic adaptation. Plasticity protects the genome from selective pressures by tailoring the organism to ongoing ecological conditions. The fact that obesity can occur in different individuals through different genotypes, life histories and behaviours indicates that different treatments are also likely to be required.

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Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study

Cited by 1,474 publications

References 19 publications

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

Factors influencing heifer survival and fertility on commercial dairy farms

Thrift: a guide to thrifty genes, thrifty phenotypes and thrifty norms

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