Association between pterygium and dry eye among patients in Benghazi, Libya

A systematic review on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of dry eye disease in the Arab population

“…Examples include the TBUT, STT, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), tear meniscus height, lid-to-globe apposition, blink abnormalities, lissamine green staining, rose Bengal staining and the corneal/conjunctival fluorescein staining. 17,28,29,31,32,34,38 However, the most common clinical test used in the Arab reports is the TBUT. The period from the last blink to the appearance of random dark spots and streaks in tears was recorded as TBUT.…”

“…Increase in age Alzahrani et al 21 ; Alshamrani et al 23 ; Alharbi et al 27 ; Shanti et al 31 ; Sherry et al 35 Female gender Yasir et al 12 ; Alshamrani et al 23 ; Shanti et al 31 ; Haddad et al 36 ; Shadia et al 58 CLs uses Alsweilem et al 20 ; Sharief 37 Refractive operations and cataract operation Alsweilem et al 20 ; Alzahrani et al 23 ; Sharief 37; Kalakattawi et al 59 Glaucoma, medications, topical glaucoma eye drops and biological drugs Yasir et al 12 ; Younis and Al-Quzweeni 32 Using antidepressants drug and/or multivitamins supplements Alharbi et al 27 Acanthamoeba keratitis, pterygium, blepharitis, spring catarrh, MGD, allergic conjunctivitis and keratoconus Omran et al 17 ;Alsweilem et al 20 ;Zbiba et al 34 ; Sharief 37 ; Awad et al 60 ; El Sawy et al 61 Rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid diseases and high total cholesterol levels Alzahrani et al 21 ; Alharbi et al 27 ; Younis 32 ; Abusharaha et al 62 ; ALANAZI 63 Diabetes mellitus Alshamrani et al 23 ; Alzahrani et al 21 ; Alharbi et al 27 ; Masmali et al 64 ; Kamel et al 65 ; El Sawy et al 61 ; Kalakattawi et al 59 ; Elnour et al 66 ; Masmali et al 64 Hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity Safaa Bashir et al 67 ; Alghamdi 68 Wider us...…”

“…21,23 On the same note, according to previous surveys, many ocular diseases such as blepharitis, glaucoma, MGD, keratoconus, spring catarrh, pterygium and allergic conjunctivitis have been identified as the risk factors of DED in the Arab population. 12,16,17,37 2.…”

“…Previous studies on the Arab population found a significant relationship between DE symptoms and positive clinical signs. 17,29,31 This might be attributed to different DE surveys and types of clinical diagnostic tests used. For instance, Shanti et al 31 reported a strong association between intense symptoms and clinical diagnostic signs, whilst Yasir et al 12 reported a lack of association between the self-reported symptoms and positive DE signs.…”

“…6,7,10,11,15,16 Postmenopausal oestrogen therapy, vitamins A and D deficiency, antihistamines, eye diseases such as pterygium, blinking disorders and different educational and socio-economic status also exaggerate DE symptoms. 17,18,19,20,21 Consequently, the treatment of this condition remains fairly problematic because of the lack of correlation between clinical symptoms and clinical diagnostic tests. 16,22 Background: Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial disorder that can influence tear production, functional visual acuity and ultimately increase the osmolarity of the tear film.…”