Association between relative age effect and organisational practices of American youth football

Jones, Ciera; Visek, Amanda J.; Barron, Mary; Hyman, Mark H.; Chandran, Avinash

doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1546545

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Moreover, Kelly and colleagues [ 51 ] introduced birthday-banding, where young athletes move up to their next birthdate group on their birthday with aim is to remove particular selection time-points and specific chronological age groups. Other useful strategies that may utiliased in cricket could be drawn from organisational policies incorporated in youth American football (e.g., age and anthropometric banding [ 52 , 53 ]) and youth soccer (e.g., bio-banding [ 54 , 55 ]). Despite these banding approaches yet to prove their value in reducing RAEs, both strategies appear to systematically address one of the key mechanisms of RAEs, whereby relatively older athletes may have an advanced physiological skill [ 6 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Age Effects in Male Cricket: A Personal Assets Approach to Explain Immediate, Short-Term, and Long-Term Developmental Outcomes

Kelly

Brown

Reed³

et al. 2022

Sports

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The purpose of this study was to adopt the Personal Assets Framework (PAF) to examine the immediate, short-term, and long-term developmental outcomes associated with relative age effects (RAEs) in male cricket. As such, this study was comprised of three aims: (a) examine the birth quarter (BQ) distribution of players throughout the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) national talent pathway (i.e., Regional U15, Regional U17, England U19, England Lions, England T20, England ODI, and England Test; n = 1800; immediate timescale), (b) explore the youth-to-senior transitions based on BQ and skill-set (i.e., batters and bowlers; short-term timescale), and (c) analyse the average number of games played at senior levels based on BQ and skill-set (i.e., long-term timescale). A chi-square goodness of fit test, Cramer’s V, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were used to compare the BQ distributions of each cohort against the expected BQ distributions. In the immediate timescale, results showed that relatively older players were overrepresented throughout all the youth levels (p < 0.05, V = 0.16–0.30), whereas there were no differences at senior levels (p > 0.05, V = 0.05–0.15). In the short-term timescale, when the senior cohorts were compared to the expected BQ distributions based on the Regional U15 cohort, relatively younger players were more likely to transition from youth to senior levels (p < 0.05, V = 0.22–0.37). In the long-term timescale, relatively older batters were selected for more games (p < 0.05, V = 0.18–0.51), whereas relatively younger bowlers were selected for more games (p < 0.05, V = 0.17–0.39). Moving forward, it is important for researchers and practitioners to better understand how (bi)annual-age grouping shapes developmental outcomes in across different timescales (i.e., immediate, short-term, and long-term), as well as consider alternative grouping strategies and RAE solutions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Age Effects in Male Cricket: A Personal Assets Approach to Explain Immediate, Short-Term, and Long-Term Developmental Outcomes

Kelly

Brown

Reed³

et al. 2022

Sports

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“…One particularly interesting strategy may be utilized from the organizational practices adopted in youth American football. For instance, in contrast to many other team sports, previous research has identified no RAEs in American football, which may lend credibility to the age and anthropometric bandings that are often employed to group their young players (e.g., MacDonald et al, 2009;Jones et al, 2019). As such, the physical and collision-like nature of the two sports could suggest that American football regulations may provide a useful comparison in an endeavor to moderate RAEs in youth rugby union.…”

Section: Potential Relative Age Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Talent Identification and Relative Age Effects in English Male Rugby Union Pathways: From Entry to Expertise

Kelly¹,

Till²,

Jackson³

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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A common practice in youth rugby union is to group players based on (bi)annual age with fixed cut-off dates. The overrepresentation of players born at the start of the cut-off date and the underrepresentation of players born toward the end of the cut-off date are termed relative age effects (RAEs). The aim of this study was to examine RAEs during entry into professional and international rugby union pathways in England, as well as comparing them to their respective senior cohort: U15 Regional Academy Player (n = 1,114) vs. Senior Professional Player (n = 281) and U16–23 England Academy Player (n = 849) vs. Senior International Player (n = 48). Chi-square (χ2) analysis compared birth quarter (BQ) distributions against expected distributions. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals compared the likelihood of a BQ being selected. Findings revealed a significant overrepresentation of relatively older players compared with their relatively younger peers within both youth cohorts (P < 0.001; BQ1 = 42.5% vs. BQ4 = 9.6%; BQ1 = 36.5% vs. BQ4 = 15.2%). In comparison, there was no significant difference in the BQ distributions within both senior cohorts. Further, BQ4s were 3.86 and 3.9 times more likely to achieve senior professional and international levels than BQ1s and BQ2s, respectively. It is suggested that relatively younger players may have a greater likelihood of achieving expertise following entry into a rugby union talent pathway due to benefitting from more competitive play against relatively older counterparts during their development (e.g., reversal effects; the underdog hypothesis). Moreover, possible solutions (e.g., age and anthropometric banding; playing-up and playing-down) are discussed to encourage practitioners and policy makers to create the most appropriate learning environment for every player.

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“…More children born during the fall and winter (September–December) are excluded [181], and as a group, they are less physically active than spring (January–April) children, both in sports and leisure (Figure 6). In most sports and in most countries, there is a skewed distribution of participants when sorted by birth-date, and there are more spring children than fall children among those who are involved in sport [182,183,184,185,186]. Because a large part of the physical activity takes place in an organized form, this leads to lower levels of physical activity for late-born persons (Malm, Jakobsson, and Julin, unpublished data).…”

Section: Sport’s Effects On the Health Of Children And Young Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity and Sports—Real Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden

Malm

Jakobsson

Isaksson

2019

Sports

380

204

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Positive effects from sports are achieved primarily through physical activity, but secondary effects bring health benefits such as psychosocial and personal development and less alcohol consumption. Negative effects, such as the risk of failure, injuries, eating disorders, and burnout, are also apparent. Because physical activity is increasingly conducted in an organized manner, sport’s role in society has become increasingly important over the years, not only for the individual but also for public health. In this paper, we intend to describe sport’s physiological and psychosocial health benefits, stemming both from physical activity and from sport participation per se. This narrative review summarizes research and presents health-related data from Swedish authorities. It is discussed that our daily lives are becoming less physically active, while organized exercise and training increases. Average energy intake is increasing, creating an energy surplus, and thus, we are seeing an increasing number of people who are overweight, which is a strong contributor to health problems. Physical activity and exercise have significant positive effects in preventing or alleviating mental illness, including depressive symptoms and anxiety- or stress-related disease. In conclusion, sports can be evolving, if personal capacities, social situation, and biological and psychological maturation are taken into account. Evidence suggests a dose–response relationship such that being active, even to a modest level, is superior to being inactive or sedentary. Recommendations for healthy sports are summarized.

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Association between relative age effect and organisational practices of American youth football

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Relative Age Effects in Male Cricket: A Personal Assets Approach to Explain Immediate, Short-Term, and Long-Term Developmental Outcomes

Relative Age Effects in Male Cricket: A Personal Assets Approach to Explain Immediate, Short-Term, and Long-Term Developmental Outcomes

Talent Identification and Relative Age Effects in English Male Rugby Union Pathways: From Entry to Expertise

Physical Activity and Sports—Real Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden

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