Association between Sarcopenic Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-sectional Study Based on the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011

Abstract

BackgroundMenopause contributes to an increase in visceral fat mass and a decrease in muscle protein synthesis. Therefore, we performed this study to examine their relationship how effect the changes of body composition as obesity and sarcopenia on metabolic syndrome (MS) as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.MethodsUsing data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2011, we estimated that 4,183 postmenopausal women underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Sarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight that was less than 1 standard deviation below the sex specific mean for the young reference group. After classification into four groups, the results were adjusted with menopausal age and hormonal treatment. The relationship between sarcopenic obesity (SO) and MS in postmenopausal women was analyzed by logistic regression analysis in a complex sampling.ResultsIn an unadjusted model, the odds ratio (OR) of MS for sarcopenia was 1.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-2.49); the obesity group had an OR of 4.55 (95% CI, 3.63-5.71); and distinctly, the SO group had an OR of 6.26 (95% CI, 5.10-7.70). Even though there was controlling for variable adjustment, no definite difference was seen in the results.ConclusionsSarcopenia and obesity were associated with MS independent of other metabolic impairment risk factors in both early menopausal and postmenopausal women. The results showed that, in particular, the prevalence of MS has increased more in postmenopausal women compared with previous research.

Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences

“…Most clinical studies have reported that sarcopenic obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome [136][137][138]. However, in an Australian study assessing older men, sarcopenic obesity was associated with metabolic syndrome; however, obesity itself, rather than the sarcopenia measured by ALM, grip strength, or gait speed was more predictive of metabolic syndrome [139].…”

Muscle radiodensity and mortality in patients with colorectal cancer

“…Sarcopenia has been predictive of higher mortality in many cancers, including CRC, as was observed in our recent study. 23 Sarcopenia also has been related to higher systemic inflammatory response, 16,19,34 metabolic dysregulation, [38][39][40] and postsurgical complications, 14 and the effects of each of these muscle abnormalities appear to be independent predictors of outcomes in patients with CRC.…”

Association of lifestyle factors and inflammation with sarcopenic obesity: data from the PREDIMED‐Plus trial

“…However, few studies have been carried out in this field and with contradictory results. Cross‐sectional studies in sarcopenic obesity subjects have reported higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in those individuals . Strong associations with inflammatory markers compared with sarcopenia‐only subjects have been found .…”

“…Cross-sectional studies in sarcopenic obesity subjects have reported higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in those individuals. 6,7 Strong associations with inflammatory markers compared with sarcopenia-only subjects have been found. 8 Conversely, some longitudinal studies have shown that sarcopenic obesity does apparently not confer any greater mortality risk than sarcopenia alone.…”