Myokines are a group of cytokines or polypeptides released from skeletal muscle
during exercise. Growing evidence suggests that myokines are associated with the
development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, several myokines in
peripheral blood exhibit dynamic changes in different CVD stages. This review
summarizes the potential roles of myokines such as myostatin, irisin,
brain-derived neurotrophic factor, mitsugumin 53, meteorin-like, and apelin in
various CVD, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis,
hypertension, and diabetes. The association of these myokines with biomarkers
currently being used in clinical practice is also discussed. Furthermore, the
review considers the emerging role of myokines in CVD and addresses the
challenges remaining in translating these discoveries into novel clinical
biomarkers for CVD.