Association between Skeletal Muscle Mass-to-Visceral Fat Ratio and Dietary and Cardiometabolic Health Risk Factors among Korean Women with Obesity

Abstract

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is more associated with cardiovascular diseases than sarcopenia or obesity alone. This study aimed to assess the association between the skeletal muscle mass-to-visceral fat area ratio (SVR) and dietary and cardiometabolic health risk factors in obese women. Fifty-nine women aged 19–65 years with BMI values of ≥25 kg/m2 and <32 kg/m2 were included. The SVR was inversely correlated with blood lipids (total cholesterol, β = −0.369, p = 0.022; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, β = −0.326, p = 0.049) and hs-CRP (β = −0.305, p = 0.043). Among the dietary factors, fatty acid intake (saturated fatty acids (SFA), β = −0.287, p = 0.044; monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), β = −0.282, p = 0.048; polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), β = −0.301, p = 0.035) was inversely correlated with the SVR. Conversely, vitamin B6 and B12 intake (vitamin B6, β = 0.338, p = 0.012; vitamin B12, β = 0.281, p = 0.024) showed positive associations with the SVR. Individuals with a lower SVR were more likely to have SO and higher blood lipids and inflammatory marker levels. Regarding dietary factors, the SVR increased with vitamin B6 and B12 intake, which was less likely to occur in individuals with SO.

Association between the skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio and metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease: A cross‐sectional study of NHANES 2017–2018

“…Wang et al 22 found that an increasing SVR was closely associated with an increased risk for exacerbating type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Lim et al 23 conducted a survey indicating that an elevated SVR was inversely correlated with TC and LDL‐C. In our study, participants with a lower SVR tended to have a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors.…”

Relationship of Low Vitamin B6 Status with Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Mortality: A Narrative Review

“…B6 status has frequently been studied alongside vitamin B12 and folate due to their interconnected role in one-carbon and homocysteine metabolisms. Among the seventeen studies including results for B12 [ 10 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] ( Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 ), four studies indicated a significant association with disability [ 14 ], skeletal muscle mass [ 17 ], all-cause mortality [ 31 ], and CVD-specific mortality [ 34 ]. Among the fourteen studies including results for folate [ 10 , 12 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], three studies indicated a significant association between the nutritional status of folate and the risks of frailty [ 18 ], heart failure [ 22 ], and all-cause mortality [ 31 ].…”

“…Regarding vitamin B2 [ 12 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 29 , 32 ] and A [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 ], all the studies indicated no association with sarcopenia, frailty, and mortality ( Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 ). Among the seven studies including results for niacin [ 12 , 17 , 20 , 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 ], only one study indicated a significant association with all-cause mortality [ 31 ]. Among the six studies including results for vitamin D [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 ], one study indicated a significant association with the loss of muscle [ 16 ].…”

“…Among the seven studies including results for niacin [ 12 , 17 , 20 , 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 ], only one study indicated a significant association with all-cause mortality [ 31 ]. Among the six studies including results for vitamin D [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 ], one study indicated a significant association with the loss of muscle [ 16 ]. Among the five studies including results for vitamin C [ 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 31 ], two studies showed a significant association with frailty [ 18 ] and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality [ 31 ].…”

“…Among the six studies including results for vitamin D [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 ], one study indicated a significant association with the loss of muscle [ 16 ]. Among the five studies including results for vitamin C [ 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 31 ], two studies showed a significant association with frailty [ 18 ] and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality [ 31 ]. Among the five studies including results for vitamin B1 [ 12 , 17 , 20 , 25 , 31 ], one study indicated a significant association between B1 and all-cause mortality [ 25 ].…”