Association Between Temporal Spatial Parameters and Overuse Injury History in Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Brindle, Richard; Taylor, Jeffrey B.; Rajek, Coty; Weisbrod, Anika; Ford, Kevin R.

doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01207-5

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Further, very limited evidence indicated a reduction in COM to heel distance with a 10% increase in step rate, which is consistent with the finding that a shorter step length is associated with an increase in step rate. Although changing running step rate has been shown to provide effects on spatiotemporal measures, any clinical benefits from these changes remain unknown as there is a lack of evidence linking spatiotemporal gait parameters to running injuries [ 61 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Background Running-related injuries are prevalent among distance runners. Changing step rate is a commonly used running retraining strategy in the management and prevention of running-related injuries. Objective The aims of this review were to synthesise the evidence relating to the effects of changing running step rate on injury, performance and biomechanics. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. Results Thirty-seven studies were included that related to injury (n = 2), performance (n = 5), and biomechanics (n = 36). Regarding injury, very limited evidence indicated that increasing running step rate is associated with improvements in pain (4 weeks: standard mean difference (SMD), 95% CI 2.68, 1.52 to 3.83; 12 weeks: 3.62, 2.24 to 4.99) and function (4 weeks: 2.31, 3.39 to 1.24); 12 weeks: 3.42, 4.75 to 2.09) in recreational runners with patellofemoral pain. Regarding performance, very limited evidence indicated that increasing step rate increases perceived exertion ( − 0.49, − 0.91 to − 0.07) and awkwardness (− 0.72, − 1.38 to − 0.06) and effort (− 0.69, − 1.34, − 0.03); and very limited evidence that an increase in preferred step rate is associated with increased metabolic energy consumption (− 0.84, − 1.57 to − 0.11). Regarding biomechanics, increasing running step rate was associated with strong evidence of reduced peak knee flexion angle (0.66, 0.40 to 0.92); moderate evidence of reduced step length (0.93, 0.49 to 1.37), peak hip adduction (0.40, 0.11 to 0.69), and peak knee extensor moment (0.50, 0.18 to 0.81); moderate evidence of reduced foot strike angle (0.62, 034 to 0.90); limited evidence of reduced braking impulse (0.64, 0.29 to 1.00), peak hip flexion (0.42, 0.10 to 0.75), and peak patellofemoral joint stress (0.56, 0.07 to 1.05); and limited evidence of reduced negative hip (0.55, 0.20 to 0.91) and knee work (0.84, 0.48 to 1.20). Decreasing running step rate was associated with moderate evidence of increased step length (− 0.76, − 1.31 to − 0.21); limited evidence of increased contact time (− 0.95, − 1.49 to − 0.40), braking impulse (− 0.73, − 1.08 to − 0.37), and negative knee work (− 0.88, − 1.25 to − 0.52); and limited evidence of reduced negative ankle work (0.38, 0.03 to 0.73) and negative hip work (0.49, 0.07 to 0.91). Conclusion In general, increasing running step rate results in a reduction (or no change), and reducing step rate results in an increase (or no change), to kinetic, kinematic, and loading rate variables at the ankle, knee and hip. At present there is insufficient evidence to conclusively determine the effects of altering running step rate on injury and performance. As most studies included in this review investigated the immediate effects of changing running step rate, the longer-term effects remain largely unknown. Prospero Registration CRD42020167657.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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“…Runners, coaches, clinicians, and scientists use wearable technology, optical systems and force transducers to quantify running. Typically, measurements are performed to either optimise running economy (Kyrolainen et al, 2001;Moore, 2016;Tawa & Louw, 2018;Van Hooren et al, 2019) or reduce injury risk (Brindle et al, 2019;Ceyssens et al, 2019;Goss & Gross, 2012). However, without considering the interdependencies and redundancies between parameters, false claims and misleading interpretations are readily made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, without considering the interdependencies and redundancies between parameters, false claims and misleading interpretations are readily made. The analysis of isolated parameters may explain in part why the conclusions regarding different kinematic and kinetic parameters and running economy are often contradictory (Van Hooren et al, 2020), and why the literature on the relationship between running technique and injury risk suffers from considerable inconsistencies (Brindle et al, 2019;Ceyssens et al, 2019;Mousavi et al, 2019). Furthermore, feedback from commercial applications is predominately based on isolated parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis

Oeveren

Ruiter

Beek

et al. 2021

Sports Biomechanics

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Running movements are parametrised using a wide variety of devices. Misleading interpretations can be avoided if the interdependencies and redundancies between biomechanical parameters are taken into account. In this synthetic review, commonly measured running parameters are discussed in relation to each other, culminating in a concise, yet comprehensive description of the full spectrum of running styles. Since the goal of running movements is to transport the body centre of mass (BCoM), and the BCoM trajectory can be derived from spatiotemporal parameters, we anticipate that different running styles are reflected in those spatiotemporal parameters. To this end, this review focuses on spatiotemporal parameters and their relationships with speed, ground reaction force and whole-body kinematics. Based on this evaluation, we submit that the full spectrum of running styles can be described by only two parameters, namely the step frequency and the duty factor (the ratio of stance time and stride time) as assessed at a given speed. These key parameters led to the conceptualisation of a so-called Dual-axis framework. This framework allows categorisation of distinctive running styles (coined 'Stick', 'Bounce', 'Push', 'Hop', and 'Sit') and provides a practical overview to guide future measurement and interpretation of running biomechanics.

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“…While foot strike technique has been suggested to be causative of RRI’s based on the increased load that some techniques produce (especially rear-foot strike [ 65 , 66 ]), a systematic review concluded that there is very low evidence to suggest a relationship with RRI’s in general [ 67 ]. In relation to increased cadence, while a systematic review found that increasing cadence reduces the magnitude of key biomechanical factors (such as joint kinematics and kinetics, and whole body loading) associated with RRI’s [ 68 ], a recent systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that average cadence does not differ between injured and uninjured runners [ 69 ]. Bilateral asymmetry, which relates to differences between the left and right lower limbs, has been suggested as a risk factor for RRI’s based on the premise that because one leg is subjected to more loading, it is predisposed to injury [ 70 , 71 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A qualitative examination of the factors affecting the adoption of injury focused wearable technologies in recreational runners

et al. 2022

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Purpose Understanding the perceived efficacy and ease of use of technologies will influence initial adoption and sustained utilization. The objectives of this study were to determine the metrics deemed important by runners for monitoring running-related injury (RRI) risk, and identify the facilitators and barriers to their use of injury focused wearable technologies. Methods A qualitative focus group study was undertaken. Nine semi-structured focus groups with male (n = 13) and female (n = 14) recreational runners took place. Focus groups were audio and video recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were thematically analysed. A critical friend approach was taken to data coding, and multiple methods of trustworthiness were executed. Results Excessive loading and inadequate recovery were deemed the most important risk factors to monitor for RRI risk. Other important factors included training activities, injury status and history, and running technique. The location and method of attachment of a wearable device, the design of a smartphone application, and receiving useful injury-related information will affect recreational runners’ adoption of injury focused technologies. Conclusions Overtraining, training-related and individual-related risk factors are essential metrics that need to be monitored for RRI risk. RRI apps should include the metrics deemed important by runners, once there is supporting evidence-based research. The difficulty and/or ease of use of a device, and receiving useful feedback will influence the adoption of injury focused running technologies. There is a clear willingness from recreational runners to adopt injury focused wearable technologies whilst running.

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Association Between Temporal Spatial Parameters and Overuse Injury History in Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Cited by 19 publications

References 42 publications

What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis

A qualitative examination of the factors affecting the adoption of injury focused wearable technologies in recreational runners

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