Association between the Human Development Index and Confirmed COVID-19 Cases by Country

Abstract

It is important to understand the ultimate control of COVID-19 in all countries around the world in relation to the characteristics of developed countries, LDCs, and the variety of transmission characteristics of COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with confirmed cases of COVID-19 with a focus on the Human Development Index (HDI). The units of analysis used for the current study were countries, and dataset were aggregated from multiple sources. This study used COVID-19 data from Our World in Data, the Global Health Security Index, and the WORLD BANK. A total of 171 countries were included in the analysis. A multi-variable linear regression with a hierarchical framework was employed to investigate whether the HDI is associated with confirmed COVID-19 cases after controlling for the demographic and healthcare system characteristics of the study countries. For Model 2, which controlled for demographic and healthcare system characteristics, HDI (β = 0.46, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 2.64–10.87) and the number of physicians per 1000 people (β = 0.34, p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.21–0.75) had significant associations with the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases per million people. Countries with a high HDI level are able to conduct higher per capita testing, resulting in higher numbers of confirmed cases than in countries with lower HDI levels. This study has shown evidence that could be used by governments and international organizations to identify national characteristics and provide the international cooperation necessary to develop effective prevention and intervention methods to deal with the global pandemic.

Mortality from all causes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru: The role of sociodemographic factors and accessibility

“…Furthermore, in some Latin-American countries, it has been estimated that at least 20-40% of the case fatality rate depends on the HDI 10 . Across countries, countries with high HDI prevented more COVID-19 deaths, con rmed that the most signi cant fraction of their cases and deaths were due to COVID-19, and even had higher recovery rates 11,12 . However, contrary to expected, within Peru and during the deathliest COVID-19 waves, those districts with higher HDI had higher death counts.…”

COVID-19 and human development: An approach for classification of HDI with deep CNN

“…There are several types of research in the literature about the association between HDI and confirmed COVID-19 cases by country. The hierarchical multiple linear regression models are presented in [35] to identify factors associated with confirmed cases of COVID-19 with a focus on the HDI. Countries with a high HDI could conduct more tests per person, leading to more confirmed cases than those with a low HDI.…”

The Consequences of COVID-19 Disruption on Sustainable Economy in the Top 30 High-Tech Innovative Countries

“…Some researchers believe that the global COVID-19 epidemic can be predicted by considering macro variables such as population size, the Human Development Index (HDI), and migration rate. Infectious diseases and respiratory infections have higher mortality rates in countries with lower HDIs (Heo et al, 2022 ; Mirahmadizadeh et al, 2022 ). However, a study in Italy found that HDI was directly related to both infection rates and COVID-19 mortality rates (Fabiani et al, 2021 ).…”