Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphisms with risk of hypertension among the Ethiopian population

Abstract

Introduction Although the pathophysiological mechanism of hypertension is not fully elucidated yet, a large number of pieces of evidence have shown that genetic alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system play a central role. However, the association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene with essential hypertension is controversial yet, and there is a limited number of publications among the Ethiopian population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the risk of hypertension among essential hypertension patients at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia. Materials and methods A case-control study was conducted from October 07, 2020, to June 02, 2021, among hypertensive patients and normotensive control groups at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and anthropometric measurements. Five milliliters of blood were drawn from each of the randomly selected 64 hypertensive and 64 normotensive participants for molecular test analysis. Genetic polymorphism of the ACE gene was identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0 software. The strength of association between the genotype and hypertension was estimated through the calculation of adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result The distribution of DD genotypes and D allele of the ACE gene were 48.4% and 63% in essential hypertensive patients, respectively, while it were 29.7% and 42.2% in control subjects respectively. The ACE DD genotype (p-value = 0.005) and D allele (p-value = 0.001) were more frequent among hypertensive patients as compared to controls. Conclusion The present study found that the DD genotype and D allele of the ACE gene has had a strong association with a high risk of hypertension in the study population.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke complication among patients with hypertension in the Ethiopian population

“…In the molecular biology laboratory at the University of Gondar, genomic DNA was extracted from the remaining 2 ml of samples collected in EDTA-containing tubes from each participant. The non-enzymatic salting-out approach ( 22 ) was used to isolate DNA from EDTA-anticoagulated blood from both patients and controls. The blood was then put into a clean 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube.…”

Association Between ACE I/D Gene Polymorphism and Dyslipidemia in Hypertensive Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Complication Among Ethiopian Population

“…14 Genomic DNA was extracted from the remaining 2 mL samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (anticoagulant) containing tubes of each participant in the University of Gondar molecular biology laboratory. The nonenzymatic salting-out approach 15 was used to isolate DNA from EDTA anticoagulated blood from both patients and controls. This blood was then transferred to a sterile 1.5-mL Eppendorf tube.…”

The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism on anthropometric and biochemical parameters among hypertension patients: A case-control study from Northwest Ethiopia

“…All essential hypertensive patients who were newly diagnosed or on follow-up, as well as all healthy normotensive individuals who visited the hospital during the study period, were considered the study population for cases and controls, respectively. The eligibility criteria were addressed in our previously published work [ 12 ].…”

“…The sample size for this research was calculated using G* power version 3.1.9.4 software by selecting an independent t- test and the total sample size was 128 (64 cases and 64 controls) [ 12 , 27 ]. Therefore, a 1:1 case-control ratio was recruited as study participants using a simple random sampling technique.…”