Association of Body Mass with Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition

Williamson, Donald A.; Lawson, Olga J.; Brooks, Ellen R.; Wozniak, Patricia; Ryan, Donna H.; Bray, George A.; Duchmann, Erich G.

doi:10.1006/appe.1995.0039

Cited by 153 publications

(134 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, successful restraint may not result in observed differences in food intake between groups of restrained and unrestrained eaters because appetitive traits vary by individual and are associated with susceptibility to weight gain, 36,37 and hence are unlikely to be evenly distributed Dietary restraint and self-regulation F Johnson et al between these groups. The cross-sectional association between restraint and body mass index (BMI) has been examined in several studies, and positive, 38,39 negative 40,41 and null associations between restraint and BMI have been reported. However, a consistent finding has been that associations between dietary restraint and body weight vary between obese and normal weight populations.…”

Section: Widely Used Methods Of Measuring Dietary Restraint Confound mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

2011

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Self-control is generally viewed as highly desirable. In the eating behavior domain, however, the dominance of restraint theory has made the proposition that individuals should attempt to control their eating more controversial. This review discusses evidence from the dietary restraint literature and from studies of self-regulation processes to examine how far self-imposed control around food can be seen as beneficial for effective weight management. Epidemiological and field study evidence provides little support for the proposition that restrained eating causes disinhibited eating patterns. Restraint is often initiated as a response to weight gain, and the co-occurrence of disinhibited and restrained eating patterns on an individual level might better be explained by restraint acting as a marker for overeating tendencies. A sustained effort to monitor and control food intake characterizes successful long-term weight maintenance, suggesting that self-regulation in the eating domain is essential for those with a tendency to gain weight. Evidence from the literature on cognitive self-regulation suggests that there may be potential for people to learn to self-regulate better, both through training and controlled exposure techniques. Integration of the disparate theories of self-regulation is needed to identify the best ways of promoting self-regulation in order to support effective weight control, both in clinical and community settings.

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Section: Widely Used Methods Of Measuring Dietary Restraint Confound mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

2011

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“…Among those potential modifiable factors, we may consider the contribution of eating behaviors in the determination of patient's expectations because eating behaviors are closely related to psychological characteristics, such as well-being, 12 and they are also significantly associated with weight status. [13][14][15][16] Given that both psychological characteristics and weight status are related to weight expectations, it could therefore be suggested that eating behaviors may be involved as significant determinants of weight expectations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defined weight expectations in overweight women: anthropometrical, psychological and eating behavioral correlates

et al. 2007

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Objective: To examine associations between defined weight expectations and anthropometric profile and to identify psychological and eating behavioral factors that characterize women having more realistic weight expectations. Methods: A nonrandom sample of 154 overweight/obese women completed the 'Goals and Relative Weight Questionnaire', which assessed four weight expectations: (1) dream weight (whatever wanted to weight); (2) happy weight (would be happy to achieve); (3) acceptable weight (could accept even if not happy with it); and (4) disappointed weight (would not view as a successful achievement). Psychological assessments evaluated dysphoria, self-esteem, satisfaction with one's body (i.e., body esteem) and weight-related quality of life. The 'Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire' assessed eating behaviors: (1) cognitive dietary restraint (control of food intake), (2) disinhibition (overconsumption of food with a loss of control), and (3) susceptibility to hunger (food intake in response to feelings and perceptions of hunger). Results: Women's expectations for their dream (60.676.0 kg), happy (65.276.4 kg) and acceptable (67.976.8 kg) weights corresponded to higher percentages of weight loss (24.276.6% or 19.877.1 kg, 18.675.8% or 15.276.0 kg and 15.275.7% or 12.675.8 kg, respectively) than goals recommended for overweight individuals. Defined weight expectations were positively associated with current weight and body mass index (BMI; 0.37prp0.85; Po0.0001). When women were matched one by one for their current BMI, but showing different happy BMI, women with a more realistic happy BMI were older (P ¼ 0.03) and were characterized by a greater satisfaction towards body weight (P ¼ 0.04), a higher score for flexible restraint (P ¼ 0.003) and a lower score for susceptibility to hunger (P ¼ 0.02) than women with a less realistic happy BMI. Conclusion: These findings suggest that having more realistic weight expectations is related to healthier psychological and eating behavioral characteristics.

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“…12 This perspective is consistent with several other findings: (a) caloric restriction does not lead to binge eating, 13 (b) measures of dietary restraint are generally uncorrelated with measures of binge eating, 14 and (c) the interaction of intent to diet and overeating correlate with body mass index. 15 By incorporating the concept of a binge eating phenotype into etiological theories of eating disorders, classification research could be integrated with treatment and prevention research so that the validity of a classification system can be evaluated at many levels. 2 …”

Section: Weight Gain and The Development Of Compensatory Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the evidence point to a binge eating phenotype?: Comment on Gordon et al. (2007) and Wonderlich et al. (2007)

Williamson

2007

Int. J. Eat. Disord.

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The article by Gordon et al. 1 presents a very understandable description of taxometric analyses. These writers are to be commended for taking this complex topic and making it comprehensible to those who are not experts in the field of taxometrics and classification research. Gordon et al. 1 conclude that the results of taxometric studies suggest the existence of three diagnostic groups, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, restricting type, and binge eating disorder. They recommend conceptualizing bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder as categorical classes, but conceptualize anorexia nervosa as a dimensional or continuous entity. Wonderlich et al. 2 take a step back from the esoteric specifics of classification research and note that conclusions about the validity of any classification scheme will necessarily involve a series of value laden decisions.Both articles 1,2 report on recent scientific findings related to the validity of classification schemes of eating disorders. Wonderlich et al. suggest a comprehensive research strategy for validating eating disorder classification models. Both articles 1,2 observe that eating disorders involving binge eating can be conceptualized as qualitatively distinct types or classes and they conclude that psychopathological and personality features other than frank eating disorder symptoms, e.g., concern with body size/shape, binge eating, purging, and restrictive eating, are important aspects of eating disorder diagnoses. Factor Analytic Studies of Eating Disorder SymptomsEight factor analytic studies of eating disorder symptoms 3 have yielded findings that are relevant to the conclusions of the Gordon and Wonderlich articles. All of the factor analytic studies that included measures of ''general psychopathology'' found a very strong and stable factor that reflected personality characteristics and ''neurotic'' symptoms, e.g., mood disturbances, anxiety, obsessive thinking. The factor analytic solutions indicated that this ''general psychopathology'' factor was separate and distinct from other factors that reflected symptoms generally regarded as specific to eating disorders, e.g., binge eating, restrictive eating, fear of fatness, and drive for thinness. These findings suggest that a diagnostic model that only specifies personality characteristics, e.g., the model of Figure 1d in the Wonderlich article, would be inadequate to capture a complete set of relevant features of the eating disorders. The results also suggest that classification models that ignore personality and general psychopathology features of eating disorders, e.g., the models of Figures 1a, 1b, and 1c, will also be inadequate. In my view, the personality features of eating disorders can be viewed as conditions that sometimes accompany the more specific behavioral and attitudinal features of eating disorders. A second consistent finding of the factor analytic studies was the presence of a strong and stable binge eating/bulimic behaviors factor. The fact that binge eating has also been identified as a late...

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Association of Body Mass with Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition

Cited by 153 publications

References 0 publications

Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior

Defined weight expectations in overweight women: anthropometrical, psychological and eating behavioral correlates

Does the evidence point to a binge eating phenotype?: Comment on Gordon et al. (2007) and Wonderlich et al. (2007)

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