Association of Carotid Intima–media Thickness and Atherosclerotic Plaque with Periodontal Status

Abstract

Studies have suggested an association between clinical/subclinical atherosclerosis and periodontal status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among maximal carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT), atherosclerotic plaque, and periodontal status in Chinese elderly patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 847 participants (age, 70.64 ± 9.03 yr) with ≥10 teeth. A questionnaire survey, routine biochemical tests, a periodontal examination, and maximal cIMT measurement were performed for each. Traditional risk factors for atherogenesis were considered in the statistical analysis. Mean plaque index, which reflects oral hygiene, was correlated with maximal cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque in the study sample overall (β = 0.068, p < .001; OR = 2.051, p < .001) and in euglycemic participants (β = 0.066, p = .008; odds ratio = 2.122, p = .009). In hyperglycemic participants, multiple linear regression analysis ( p = .006) and multivariate logistic regression analysis ( p = .025) revealed a linear and dose-dependent association between mean clinical attachment loss and maximal cIMT after adjustment for traditional risk factors. Each 1-mm increase in mean clinical attachment loss corresponded to a 0.018-mm increase in maximal cIMT. The risk of atherosclerotic plaque increased by 18.3% with each 1-mm increase in mean clinical attachment loss. Other indicators of periodontal exposure, including percentage of sites with attachment loss ≥ 3 to 5 mm (3%-5%), were also correlated with cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque in hyperglycemic patients. In this elderly population, a linear and dose-dependent association among mean clinical attachment loss, attachment loss 3% to 5%, maximal cIMT, and atherosclerotic plaque was verified in those with hyperglycemia. Poor oral hygiene was correlated with maximal cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque in all participants, including those with normal blood glucose.

Periodontal diseases and carotid intima‐media thickness in Bangladesh

“…We did not find an association of PD with carotid IMT, consistent with a recent study in an Australian population with a median age of 39 years, and studies in China and Korea in older adults, all of which failed to show an association between mean PD or % PD ≥ 4 and carotid IMT (Jung et al 2014, Kapellas et al 2014, Yu et al 2014. The Japanese study was the one single study that reported a dose-response relationship between mean PD and carotid IMT (Hayashida et al 2013).…”

“…, Yu et al. ). To date, all these studies have been conducted in middle‐aged to elderly population (mean age > 60 years) with a higher BMI (mean 23–29 kg/m 2 ).…”

“…, Yu et al. ). The Japanese study was the one single study that reported a dose–response relationship between mean PD and carotid IMT (Hayashida et al.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first epidemiologic study to report the association between periodontal disease and carotid IMT in a South Asian population. Several previous cross-sectional studies have assessed the association between AL and continuous IMT measurement (Hayashida et al 2013, Jung et al 2014, Yu et al 2014. To date, all these studies have been conducted in middle-aged to elderly population (mean age > 60 years) with a higher BMI (mean 23-29 kg/m 2 ).…”

Association of cognitive function with tooth loss and mitochondrial variation in adult subjects: a community‐based study in Beijing, China

“…Education level of the participants was classified as low (middle school or below, <9 years of education), middle (high school, >9 ≤ 12 years), and high (>12 years). Family income was classified as low (≤USD 120.85 per month), average (>USD 120.86 per month but ≤USD 362.54 per month), or high (≥USD 362.55 per month) (Yu et al , ). Participants were classified as smokers/drinkers (ever smoked/drank alcohol, including those who had quit) or never smokers/drinkers, married or divorced/single, and exercising regularly or not.…”