Association of carotid intima-media thickness with exercise tolerance test in type 2 diabetic patients

Abstract

AimsAtherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease are more common in diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis process can disturb the normal functioning of the vascular endothelium and increase vessel wall thickness. The aim of this study was the comparison of Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) with Exercise tolerance test as an alternative way to evaluate cardiac ischemia in diabetic patients.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 30 diabetic patients with positive exercise test and 30 diabetic patients with negative exercise test were enrolled. CIMT of the carotid artery in both groups of patients was measured.ResultCIMT in the patients with positive and negative exercise test were 1.04 ± 0.21 mm and 0.61 ± 0.11 mm, respectively (P < 0.001). CIMT in positive exercise test group was positively associated with age and negatively associated with gender, FBS, HDL and LDL cholesterol and in negative exercise group was negatively associated with gender, age, FBS, HDL and LDL cholesterol.ConclusionConsidering observed significant positive association between CIMT with result of exercise tolerance test (ETT) in type 2 diabetic patients, it may possible to use CIMT as an inexpensive and non-invasive method for evaluation of ischemic heart disease in diabetic patients.

Association Between Diabetic Retinopathy and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness

“…In our study, there were more male participants compared to female; however, the ratio was similar between both groups. Furthermore, our study did not find a significant link between BMI and CIMT, which is in accordance with a study conducted by Momeni et al [ 8 ]. Whereas, another study proved to show a significant correlation between maximum BMI and retinopathy [ 9 ].…”

The Relationship between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Ocular Circulation in Type-2 Diabetes

“…Our finding of an association between ultrasound-measured IMT-Cmax and the presence of mild NPDR is particularly interesting; this reinforces several previous reports (Table 3) [11, 32–34]. IMT reflects the thickness of the tunica intima and tunica media, i.e., the innermost artery wall layers, and is clinically used to detect the presence of atherosclerotic disease and to evaluate the progression of atherosclerosis over time [35, 36].…”

“…IMT increases in atherosclerosis, making it a useful biomarker in hypertension, dyslipidemia, and the macrovascular complications of diabetes. Measuring IMT is a useful technique for screening for diabetic complications, both macrovascular and microvascular, because of its ease of use, ready availability, and noninvasiveness [11]. IMT can be measured with ultrasound, and it has been reported that it is associated with laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) parameters, such as blowout time (BOT) [12].…”

Gauging the Positive Predictive Value of Exercise Tolerance Test Using Angiographic Evaluation: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From a Developing Country

“…ETT is performed to appraise the health, diagnose heart or lung pathologies, induce angina, and gauge the stability of the cardiopulmonary system [8]. The test is contraindicated in the ongoing unstable angina, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability, aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and pulmonary embolism [9] . 1 1 2 2 3 4 Even though, in literature, the validity and reliability of a diagnostic test are represented by its sensitivity and specificity, in clinical practice, a physician is more interested in finding the disease in whom he or she suspects the disease which is represented by the positive predictive value (PPV) of a diagnostic test [10].…”

“…ETT is performed to appraise the health, diagnose heart or lung pathologies, induce angina, and gauge the stability of the cardiopulmonary system [ 8 ]. The test is contraindicated in the ongoing unstable angina, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability, aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and pulmonary embolism [ 9 ].…”