Association of circulating cytochrome c with clinical manifestations of antiretroviral-induced toxicity

Abstract

Diagnosis of antiretroviral therapy (ART) toxicity is complicated. Apoptosis has been implicated in ART toxicity. Cytochrome C (Cyt-C) is a mitochondrial protein found in plasma during pro-apoptotic states. We conducted a study of HIV-infected individuals on ART with (cases, n=21) and without (controls, n=21) clinical evidence of toxicity to determine if elevated plasma Cyt-C is associated with ART toxicity. When corrected for CD4 count, viral load, and duration of HIV infection, cases are 7.86 times more likely than controls to have plasma Cyt-C > 0.216 ng/mL. Cyt-C could be a useful clinical tool to guide treatment decisions in this population.

Recent advances in cytochrome c biosensing technologies

“…The ELISA is another immunological method; like western blot technique, it also utilizes the antibodies for the detection of cy c ELISA is the most effective approach for specific detection of cyt c and has been used extensively for disease diagnoses and in biochemical research (Langs-Barlow et al, 2015;Skemiene et al, 2013). Of late, there are two different formats for ELISA methods widely used for cyt c detection.…”

A label-free RTP sensor based on aptamer/quantum dot nanocomposites for cytochrome c detection

“…As reported, the serum Cyt c levels of patients can be adopted as a potential clinical marker for diagnosis of cell injury and death, 7,10,11 and the release of Cyt c can also be used to screen anticancer drugs. So far, Cyt c analysis has attracted wide attention and been explored by various techniques, including uorimetry, [12][13][14][15][16] electrochemistry, [17][18][19][20][21] enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 11,22,23 and ow cytometry. 24 However, the detection process is restricted by operational complexity and low speci-city, so it is urgent to develop convenient and sensitive Cyt c detection methods.…”

Plasma Cytochrome c Detection Using a Highly Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

“…In most of these studies, cytochrome c was measured using Western immunoblotting, 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 19 However, these methods suffer limitations, including larger sample volume, narrow dynamic range requiring sample dilutions, lower sensitivity, and not suited for multiplexing.…”

“…6,7 Elevated levels of circulating cytochrome c -measured in human plasma or serum -have been reportedly associated with clinical conditions that injure mitochondria, such as cancer, 8,9 chemotherapy, 6,10 acute myocardial infarction, 11 systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 12 liver disease, 13 acute kidney injury, 7 influenza-associated encephalopathy, 14 and antiviral therapy toxicity. 15 Cytochrome c has also been measured in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with traumatic brain injury 16 and in infants with brain injury from child abuse. 16 Similarly, cytochrome c has been measured in urine after acute kidney injury.…”