Association of Depression and Life Satisfaction with Low Resilience among Married Women of Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: The concept of resilience is very crucial in promoting positive psychological wellbeing. However, this construct was never looked among married women of Karachi, Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and the associated risk factors of resilience in Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey, using the Wagnild Resilience Scale (RS) to assess resilience, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) for measuring depression and Trait Wellbeing Inventory for determining Life Satisfaction. Systematic sampling was employed to enroll 636 participants of aged 20 to 40 years living in two urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Prevalence ratio was computed with their 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 636 married women participated in the study. The average age of females with low resilience was 29.8 (5.7) whereas the mean age of females with high resilience was 31.1 (5.7). Around 90% of all the participants could speak in Urdu. The prevalence of low resilience among women was 21.9%. Moreover, the prevalence of depression among low resilience group was 43.9% whereas the mean life satisfaction score among females with low resilience was lower than females with high resilience. The females who had low resilience were younger and had no formal/informal education as compared to their counterparts. After controlling for other variables, the prevalence of low resilience was 1.78 times more among depressed females as compared to the non-depressed with a 95% CI: (1.27 -2.51). Moreover with every one unit increase in the life satisfaction scores, the prevalence of low resilience decreased 9%. Furthermore, age and informal schooling were also found to be significantly associated with resilience. Conclusion: Depression and life satisfaction are the potential modifiable risk factors for resilience and hence we can improve resilience through interven-* Corresponding author. S. S. Bhamani et al. 252tions that may focus on reducing depression and improving satisfaction towards life. Our study also recommends that health care professionals should be educated about these modifiable risk factors to bring about a change in the society and reduce the mental health illness by promoting constructive adaptation.

Moderated Mediation Effect of Self-esteem on the Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Depression According to Employment Status in Married Women: A Longitudinal Study Utilizing Data from Panel Study on Korean Children

“…According to the Epidemiological Survey of Psychiatric Illnesses in Korea, conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2011, the 1-year prevalence rate of depression is 3.1% and its lifelong prevalence is 6.7%, with women having twice the lifelong prevalence than that of men [2]. Women aged 20e40 years have a high incidence of depression; among married women, it negatively affects their individual mental health and the mental health of their families, which require proactive management [3]. Furthermore, depression among married women with children affects their children's emotional and behavioral development; therefore, it is important to implement early preventive education and treatment.…”

Association of depression and resilience with fertility quality of life among patients presenting to the infertility centre for treatment in Karachi, Pakistan

“…This study was the secondary objective of our original project, whose primary objective was to determine the association of marital maladjustment with quality of life, depression, and resilience among infertile couples. Thus, the sample size (n = 668) for this study was achieved on the basis of our primary objective (paper in press), considering 80% power, significance level 5%, attrition rate 10%, and the anticipated odds ratio of 2 [10,15,[25][26][27][28][29].…”

Association of Depression and Resilience with Fertility Quality of Life among patients presenting to the infertility Centre for treatment in Karachi, Pakistan

“…This study was the secondary objective of our original project, whose primary objective was to determine the association of marital maladjustment with quality of life, depression, and resilience among infertile couples. Thus, the sample size (n =668) for this study was achieved on the basis of our primary objective (paper in press), considering 80% power, signi cance level 5%, attrition rate 10%, and the anticipated odds ratio of 2 [8,20,[25][26][27][28][29]. Purposive sampling technique was employed for selecting the participants.…”

“…We also assessed depression through the Urdu version of the Beck II Depression Inventory Tool, the content and face validity of which was preformed [25,31,32]. It is a 21 item self-reporting measure of depressive symptomatology, which includes these symptoms: sadness, pessimism, past failure, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, punishment feelings, self-dislike, self-criticalness, suicidal thoughts or wishes, crying, agitation, loss of interest, indecisiveness, worthlessness, loss of energy, changes in sleeping pattern, irritability, changes in appetite, concentration di culty, tiredness or fatigue, and loss of interest in sex .…”