Association of Diabetes and Hypertension as risk factors with Ischemic Heart Disease among patients visiting a Public Sector Tertiary Care Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. IHD results from myocardial ischemia, and occurs whenever perfusion outgrows the demand. Though lethal, but can be prevented by modification of predisposing conditions, most important are diabetes and hypertension. Almost fifty percent of IHD patients are found hypertensive with or without being diabetic. The objective of the study was to determine association of diabetes and hypertension as risk factors for IHD patients Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that included 199 IHD patients of 35-70 years age, visiting Civil Hospital Karachi, a tertiary care public sector hospital, from September 2017 to January 2018 by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. The patients were approached in the hospital and briefed about the purpose of the study. A pre-tested, structured close ended questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data entry and analysis were done by using SPSS version 20.0. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 199 participants, 156 (78%) were males while 43 (22%) were females; 119 60%) were 56-65 years of age. Family history of ischemic heart diseases was unremarkable in 126 (63%) patients. In total, 122 (61%) were diabetic; among them, 24 were of less than 40years and 98 of more than 40years of age. The older age of the diabetics had a direct association with the risk of IHD (p-value <0.05). About 83% had a non-significant family history for diabetes; and 83% of the total study participants were having a sedentary lifestyle. Out of 199, 166 (83%) had never checked their blood pressures earlier. The lifestyle, diet, addiction, and duration of hypertension had a strong association with IHD (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: IHD occurs more frequently in males of 56-65 years age, with insignificant family history for IHD and diabetes. The IHD is associated with hypertension and diabetes along with sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet and smoking/tobacco addiction.

Risk Factors of Heart Failure among the Patients Suffering from Hypertension Attending a Hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan

“…History of anti-hypertensive drugs intake, lower intake of vegetables and fruits, and medication adherence represented the highest levels amongst the risk factors. In this study, males were in majority in both groups and these findings were similar to the study of Shaikh ZA et al [6] as they found that the males were in majority. In this study the continues smokers were in majority in HF cases 38(38.0%) compared to controls.…”

“…Despite advancements in the management of patients being affected by systemic hypertension and the emergence of effective anti-hypertensive drugs, prevalence of HF resulting from hypertension tends to increase in Pakistan [2,3]. In the Pakistani demographics, hypertensive heart failure (HHF) mostly affects adults, resulting in a loss of expertise and low standard of living [5,6]. In recent years, epidemiological investigation for the heart failure risk factors in the general populace has continued although a very little is known regarding the significant risk factors of heart failure.…”

A Comparative Study of in hospital Complications among Diabetic Hypertensive Patients and Normal Blood Pressure Diabetic Patients Presented with Acute Myocardial Infarction

“…CAD is verycommunalamong patients with diabetes and hypertension as compared to theindividuals with diabetes mellitus or hypertension only, and the progress of atherosclerosis is accelerated with greater fragmentation of atherosclerotic plaques and a low coronary perfusion reserve in diabetic patients along with hypertension. Patients with hypertension and diabetes have abnormal systolic and diastolic functions of the ventricles with congestive heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy, counterparts those with diabetes or hypertension 23 .…”