Association of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-17 levels with obsessive–compulsive disorder: a case–control study findings

Sarker, Rapty; Qusar, M. M. A. Shalahuddin; Islam, Sardar Mohammad Ashraful; Bhuiyan, Mohiuddin Ahmed; Islam, Md. Rabiul

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46401-8

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Elevated inflammatory variables are related to insufficient response to antidepressants which can be possible diagnostic and therapeutic targets for MDD. 59 - 64 Anti-inflammatory agents or immunomodulators can be prescribed as monotherapy or with antidepressants to combat MDD, as stated by authors after conducting a randomized clinical trial. These clinically evaluated anti-inflammatory drugs, including minocycline, statins, pioglitazone, and glucocorticoids, cytokine inhibitors, were observed to have a counter-effect on depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder

Supti,

Asaduzzaman,

Suhee

et al. 2023

Clin Med�Insights�Pathol

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Background: Previous studies have suggested the involvement of an activated inflammatory process in major depressive disorder (MDD), as altered expression of inflammatory cytokines is observed in depression. This alteration can be the cause or a consequence of MDD. However, acknowledging inflammatory cytokines as prospective biomarkers would aid in diagnosing or guiding better therapeutic options. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in depression. Method: We collected blood samples from 115 MDD patients and 113 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age and sex. MDD patients were diagnosed by a qualified psychiatrist based on the symptoms mentioned in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). We applied the Hamilton depression (Ham-D) rating scale to assess the severity of depression. We assessed serum levels of MIF using ELISA kit (Boster Bio, USA). Result: We detected increased serum MIF levels in MDD patients compared to HCs (6.15 ± 0.23 ng/mL vs 3.95 ± 0.21 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Moreover, this increase is more among female patients than female controls. Also, we noticed a positive correlation between altered MIF levels and the Ham-D scores ( r = 0.233; P = 0.012), where we found that patients who scored higher on the Ham-D scale had higher MIF levels in serum. Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve represented the good diagnostic performance of altered serum MIF. Conclusion: Our study findings indicate the association of pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF in the pathophysiology of depression as we identified elevated serum MIF levels in depressive patients compared to HCs. However, more researches are required to confirm whether this alteration of cytokine is the causative factor or a consequence of depression. We recommend conducting further studies to understand the pattern of this alteration of MIF levels in MDD patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder

Supti,

Asaduzzaman,

Suhee

et al. 2023

Clin Med�Insights�Pathol

Self Cite

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“…This poses a substantial public health challenge with wide-ranging consequences [6][7][8]. MDD imposes a significant burden, impacting the affected individuals and their communities, families, and healthcare systems [9][10][11][12]. A complex interplay of biological, neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory, and structural alterations within the brain comprise the pathophysiology of MDD [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels in major depressive disorder: A case-control study

Akter,

Roknuzzaman,

Shahriar

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and debilitating mental illness characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in daily activities. The objective of this study was to investigate whether levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2) in the blood were associated with the pathophysiology and development of MDD compared to healthy controls (HCs). Methods This case-control study was conducted involving 50 MDD patients and 38 HCs. We performed a comprehensive assessment to match age, sex, BMI, and socio-demographic profile between the groups. The study excluded participants with chronic infection, inflammatory diseases, coexisting psychiatric disorder, history of liver and kidney diseases, and individuals who are under antipsychotic medications. A professional psychiatrist diagnosed MDD patients and evaluated HCs based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) criteria. The severity of depression was assessed using the Hamilton Depression (Ham-D) rating scale. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to quantify the serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels. Results The results indicated elevated serum MIP-1β levels (207.73±24.24 pg/ml) in MDD patients compared to HCs (58.77±9.14 pg/ml). This difference in concentration is positively correlated with severity of disease symptoms (r = 0.451; p<0.001). Similarly, the levels of MCP-2 were found to be elevated in patients compared to controls (143.61±19.92 vs. 56.84±4.02 pg/ml; p = 0.003), with a positive correlation with the Ham-D scores (r = 0.373; p = 0.004). Conclusion According to this study, elevated levels of MIP-1β and MCP-2 may be associated with the pathophysiology and development of MDD. These increased serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels could be used as risk assessment tools for MDD. The present findings urge further research and the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for depression.

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“…Though the dysregulated immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of OCD, there is a controversy regarding the altered levels of these cytokines in OCD patients. Some researchers reported elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in OCD patients [ 29 – 33 ]. On the contrary, others either did not find any significant variation in these cytokine levels between OCD patients and HCs or the cytokine levels were found to be reduced significantly [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the role of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Sarmin,

Roknuzzaman,

Sarker

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder. Recently, there has been a growing interest in investigating the association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and the pathogenesis of OCD. However, studies targeting interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in OCD are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the potential role of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in the pathophysiology and development of OCD. Methods This study recruited 58 OCD patients and 30 age-sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). A qualified psychiatrist diagnosed OCD patients and assessed HCs based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Health Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. We measured the severity of OCD using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured using ELISA kits following the appropriate methods. Results The results showed that serum IL-1β levels were significantly elevated in OCD patients compared to HCs (23.68±1.65 pg/ml vs. 15.75±1.02 pg/ml; p = 0.002). Similarly, OCD patients exhibited significantly higher serum IL-6 levels than HCs (44.97±0.73 pg/ml vs. 37.04±0.35 pg/ml; p<0.001). We observed both cytokines were positively correlated with the Y-BOCS scores in OCD patients (IL-1β: r = 0.380, p = 0.015; IL-6: r = 0.324, p = 0.026) which indicates their role in disease pathophysiology. Conclusion These results suggest that serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels may be associated with the pathophysiology of OCD. Also, these cytokines levels in blood samples can serve as early risk assessment tools for the development of OCD. We recommend further studies in a large and homogeneous population to support these findings.

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Association of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-17 levels with obsessive–compulsive disorder: a case–control study findings

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

Elevated Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder

Elevated Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder

Evaluation of serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels in major depressive disorder: A case-control study

Exploring the role of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder

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