Association of gut microbiota with the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in people living with HIV

Ishizaka, Aya; Koga, Michiko; Mizutani, Taketoshi; Yamayoshi, Seiya; Iwatsuki-Horimoto, Kiyoko; Adachi, Eisuke; Suzuki, Yutaka; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Yotsuyanagi, Hiroshi

doi:10.1186/s12866-023-03157-5

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 68 publications

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“…Individuals with underlying diseases, particularly those living with HIV, are at higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection. Age, comorbidities, and a lack of viral control contribute to poor clinical outcomes [12] . SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in elderly and weakened immunes, may involve auxiliary proteins and the human microbiota, but its impact is controversial, necessitating further investigation [48] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of coronaviruses on the human gut microflora

Hejran,

Sarwari,

Monib

et al. 2024

Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res.

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The influence of coronaviruses on the human gut microflora is a topic of emerging interest within the scientific community. Coronaviruses, particularly those like SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, are primarily known for respiratory symptoms but have broader impacts on human health. Recent research suggests that coronaviruses can affect the gut microflora, the diverse community of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, which plays a crucial role in human health and disease. Studies indicate that coronaviruses may disrupt the gut microflora directly or indirectly. Direct effects could occur through viral invasion of intestinal cells expressing the ACE2 receptor, which is the cellular entry point for coronaviruses. Indirect effects may arise due to systemic inflammation triggered by the viral infection, affecting gut microbial composition and function. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbial communities, has been observed in COVID-19 patients, indicating potential coronavirusmediated alterations. Understanding these interactions is vital because the gut microflora influences immune responses, nutrient metabolism, and overall well-being. Altered microbial profiles due to coronavirus infections might contribute to the prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms reported in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, changes in gut microflora composition could impact the efficacy of therapies and vaccines, given the role of the microflora in modulating immune system function. Future research should explore the mechanisms underlying coronavirus-mediated alterations in gut microflora and their implications for health outcomes. This includes investigating how viral infections influence specific microbial species and their metabolic activities. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether these changes persist beyond the acute phase of infection and how they correlate with clinical outcomes. In summary, coronaviruses can exert significant influences on the human gut microflora, potentially disrupting microbial communities and functions essential for health. This understanding could inform therapeutic strategies targeting gut microflora to improve outcomes in coronavirusinfected individuals and enhance our broader understanding of host-microflora interactions in infectious diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of coronaviruses on the human gut microflora

Hejran,

Sarwari,

Monib

et al. 2024

Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res.

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Translating insights into therapies for Long Covid

Antar,

Cox

2024

Sci. Transl. Med.

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Long Covid is defined by a wide range of symptoms that persist after the acute phase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Commonly reported symptoms include fatigue, weakness, postexertional malaise, and cognitive dysfunction, with many other symptoms reported. Symptom range, duration, and severity are highly variable and partially overlap with symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and other post-acute infectious syndromes, highlighting opportunities to define shared mechanisms of pathogenesis. Potential mechanisms of Long Covid are diverse, including persistence of viral reservoirs, dysregulated immune responses, direct viral damage of tissues targeted by SARS-CoV-2, inflammation driven by reactivation of latent viral infections, vascular endothelium activation or dysfunction, and subsequent thromboinflammation, autoimmunity, metabolic derangements, microglial activation, and microbiota dysbiosis. The heterogeneity of symptoms and baseline characteristics of people with Long Covid, as well as the varying states of immunity and therapies given at the time of acute infection, have made etiologies of Long Covid difficult to determine. Here, we examine progress on preclinical models for Long Covid and review progress being made in clinical trials, highlighting the need for large human studies and further development of models to better understand Long Covid. Such studies will inform clinical trials that will define treatments to benefit those living with this condition.

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Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in COVID-19 is associated with intestinal DNA phage dynamics of lysogenic and lytic infection

Ishizaka,

Tamura,

Koga

et al. 2024

Microbiol Spectr

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This study compared intestinal DNA phage dynamics and gut microbiota changes observed at the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study participants included 19 healthy individuals and 19 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Significant differences were observed in the diversity of the intestinal DNA virome after the onset of COVID-19 compared with that in healthy individuals. Classification by their tail morphology resulted in the order Caudovirales, a double-stranded DNA phage, accounting for >95% of all participants. In classifying phages based on host bacteria, a decreased number of phages infecting mainly the Clostridia class was observed immediately after the onset of COVID-19 and recovered over time. After the onset of COVID-19, two distinct movement patterns of intestinal phages and their host bacteria were observed: phage- and bacteria-predominant. The abundance of obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium_sense_strict_1 , Fusicatenibacter , and Romboutsia , and the phages hosting these bacteria decreased immediately after the onset of COVID-19, and faster phage recovery was observed compared with bacterial recovery. In contrast, the genus Staphylococcus , a facultative anaerobic bacterium, increased immediately after the onset of COVID-19, whereas the phages infecting Staphylococcus decreased. Furthermore, immediately after the onset of COVID-19, the percentage of lytic phages increased, whereas that of temperate phages decreased. These observations suggest that the gut microbiota dysbiosis observed immediately after the onset of COVID-19 may be linked to phage dynamics that control gut microbiota and may also affect the recovery from dysbiosis. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages infect and replicate with bacteria and archaea and are closely associated with intestinal bacteria. The symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and bacteriophages is of interest, but it is challenging to study their dynamics in the human body over time. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported to alter the gut microbiota, which is involved in gut immune regulation and pathophysiology, although changes in the intestinal phages of patients with SARS-CoV-2 and their dynamic relationship with the gut microbiota remain unclear. SARS-CoV-2 infection, which follows a transient pathological course from disease onset to cure, may provide a reliable model to investigate these interactions in the gut environment. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the correlation between gut microbiota and intestinal DNA virome dynamics in COVID-19 pathogenesis. This study found that the dysbiosis observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection involves a growth strategy that depends on the phage or bacterial dominance.

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Association of gut microbiota with the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in people living with HIV

Cited by 7 publications

References 68 publications

The influence of coronaviruses on the human gut microflora

The influence of coronaviruses on the human gut microflora

Translating insights into therapies for Long Covid

Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in COVID-19 is associated with intestinal DNA phage dynamics of lysogenic and lytic infection

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