Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity in<i>V. cholerae</i>Isolates from an Outbreak in India

Goel, Ajay; Jiang, Sunny C.

doi:10.1155/2011/230597

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It has been hypothesised that the serological switching and genetic diversity of strains between pandemics and epidemics may be influenced by climate variations, with global warming making the environment favourable for cholera outbreaks by switching of virulence factors. This hypothesis is supported by studies of V. cholerae outbreaks in India [9], Bangladesh [10] and China [11], as well as a literature review of the influence of environmental factors on V. cholerae presence [12]. Furthermore, experimental studies have demonstrated variation with changes in environmental conditions in expression of ChiA2 and TfoX, key regulators of V. cholerae horizontal gene transfer [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…They have identified heavy rainfall as the plausible cause of genotype switching between O1 and O139 type strain. The duration between two peaks and switching was only 2 weeks [ 9 ]. Koelle et al also showed in Bangladesh through a phenotypical modelling that shifting in V. cholerae serotype is driven chiefly by environmental variations rather than by human-borne dissemination [ 10 ].…”

Section: Virulence Factor and Transductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming

Chowdhury

Nur²,

Hassan

et al. 2017

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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Background Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative, non-spore forming curved rod is found in diverse aquatic ecosystems around the planet. It is classified according to its major surface antigen into around 206 serogroups, of which O1 and O139 cause epidemic cholera. A recent spatial modelling technique estimated that around 2.86 million cholera cases occur globally every year, and of them approximately 95,000 die. About 1.3 billion people are currently at risk of infection from cholera. Meta-analysis and mathematical modelling have demonstrated that due to global warming the burden of vector-borne diseases like malaria, leishmaniasis, meningococcal meningitis, viral encephalitis, dengue and chikungunya will increase in the coming years in the tropics and beyond.Cholera and climateThis review offers an overview of the interplay between global warming and the pathogenicity and epidemiology of V. cholerae. Several distinctive features of cholera survival (optimal thriving at 15% salinity, 30 °C water temperature, and pH 8.5) indicate a possible role of climate change in triggering the epidemic process. Genetic exchange (ctxAB, zot, ace, cep, and orfU) between strains and transduction process allows potential emergence of new toxigenic clones. These processes are probably controlled by precise environmental signals such as optimum temperature, sunlight and osmotic conditions. Environmental influences on phytoplankton growth and chitin remineralization will be discussed alongside the interplay of poor sanitary conditions, overcrowding, improper sewage disposal and global warming in promoting the growth and transmission of this deadly disease.ConclusionThe development of an effective early warning system based on climate data could help to prevent and control future outbreaks. It may become possible to integrate real-time monitoring of oceanic regions, climate variability and epidemiological and demographic population dynamics to predict cholera outbreaks and support the design of cost-effective public health strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Virulence Factor and Transductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming

Chowdhury

Nur²,

Hassan

et al. 2017

Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob

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“…The ERIC-PCR has widely been applied to analyze bacterial genotyping in epidemiology (Ranjbar et al 2010). It has also been used for the analysis of clonal diversity and genotypic variability of V. cholera strains from aquatic environment (Goel and Jiang 2011; Rivera et al 1995). Previous studies reported that ERIC-PCR yielded one to eight DNA amplicons in the size ranging from 100 to 4000 bp (Rivera et al 1995; Colombo et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence, antimicrobial and heavy metal tolerance, and genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae recovered from commonly consumed freshwater fish

Chen

2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Vibrio cholerae is a leading waterborne pathogen worldwide. Continuous monitoring of V. cholerae contamination in aquatic products and identification of risk factors are crucial for assuring food safety. In this study, we determined the virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, heavy metal tolerance, and genetic diversity of 400 V. cholerae isolates recovered from commonly consumed freshwater fish (Aristichthys nobilis, Carassius auratus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and Parabramis pekinensis) collected in July and August of 2017 in Shanghai, China. V. cholerae has not been previously detected in the half of these fish species. The results revealed an extremely low occurrence of pathogenic V. cholerae carrying the major virulence genes ctxAB (0.0%), tcpA (0.0%), ace (0.0%), and zot (0.0%). However, high incidence of virulence-associated genes was observed, including the RTX toxin gene cluster (rtxA-D) (83.0–97.0%), hlyA (87.8%), hapA (95.0%), and tlh (76.0%). Meanwhile, high percentages of resistance to antimicrobial agents streptomycin (65.3%), ampicillin (44.5%), and rifampicin (24.0%) were observed. Approximately 30.5% of the isolates displayed multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes with 42 resistance profiles, which were significantly different among the four fish species (MARI, P = 0.001). Additionally, tolerance of isolates to heavy metals Hg2+ (49.3%), Zn2+ (30.3%), and Pb2+ (12.0%) was observed. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR)-based fingerprinting of the 400 V. cholerae isolates revealed 328 ERIC-genotypes, which demonstrated a large degree of genomic variation among the isolates. Overall, the results of this study support the need for food safety risk assessment of aquatic products.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-019-05287-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Genotypic diversity among V. cholerae has been attributed to several reasons. Natural calamities such as heavy rainfall may support the spread of mixed genotypes in a population (Goel and Jiang 2011). In 2004, the substituted Inaba strains were identified as ribotype R-IV and H-1 pulsotype that is very close to the pattern exhibited by Ogawa strains isolated during the same period in Kolkata ).…”

Section: Molecular Epidemiology Of Choleramentioning

confidence: 62%

Cholera Outbreaks in India

Ramamurthy

Sharma²

2014

Cholera Outbreaks

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Cholera is a global health problem as several thousands of cases and deaths occur each year. The unique epidemiologic attribute of the disease is its propensity to occur as outbreaks that may flare-up into epidemics, if not controlled. The causative bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae prevails in the environment and infects humans whenever there is a breakdown in the public health component. The Indian subcontinent is vulnerable to this disease due its vast coastlines with areas of poor sanitation, unsafe drinking water, and overcrowding. Recently, it was shown that climatic conditions also play a major role in the persistence and spread of cholera. Constant change in the biotypes and serotypes of V. cholerae are also important aspects that changes virulence and survival of the pathogen. Such continuous changes increase the infection ability of the pathogen affecting the susceptible population including the children. The short-term carrier status of V. cholerae has been studied well at community level and this facet significantly contributes to the recurrence of cholera. Several molecular tools recognized altering clonality of V. cholerae in relation with the advent of a serogroup or serotype. Rapid identification systems were formulated for the timely detection of the pathogen so as to identify and control the outbreak and institute proper treatment of the patients. The antimicrobials used in the past are no longer useful in the treatment of cholera as V. cholerae has acquired several mechanisms for multiple antimicrobial resistance. This upsurge in antimicrobial resistance directly influences the management of the disease. This chapter provides an overview of cholera prevalence in India, possible sources of infection, and molecular epidemiology along with antimicrobial resistance of V. cholerae.

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Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity inV. choleraeIsolates from an Outbreak in India

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming

Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming

Virulence, antimicrobial and heavy metal tolerance, and genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae recovered from commonly consumed freshwater fish

Cholera Outbreaks in India

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