Association of hepatitis C with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in US general population: the impact of the epidemic of obesity

Abstract

Studies from tertiary care medical centres have linked hepatitis C virus (HCV) to the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between HCV positivity and insulin resistance/diabetes in the US population. Three cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 1988 and 2008 were used. HCV infection was diagnosed using a positive serologic anti-HCV test. Additionally, diabetes was diagnosed as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL and/or the use of hypoglycaemic medications. Insulin resistance was defined as a homeostasis of model assessment (HOMA) score of >3.0. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of each of the potential risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM). The SUDAAN 10.0 was used to run descriptive and regression analyses. A total of 39 506 individuals from three NHANES cycles (1988-1994, 1999-2004 and 2005-2008) with complete demographic and relevant clinical data were included. Over these three NHANES cycles, prevalence of hepatitis C did not significantly change. During the first NHANES cycle (1988-1994), insulin and diabetes were independently associated with hepatitis C. However, during the later study cycles (1998-2008), these associations were no longer significant. In contrast, other important known risk factors for diabetes and IR (male gender, non-Caucasian race, age and obesity) remained significant over all three NHANES cycles. Although HCV infection was independently associated with an increased risk of diabetes and IR in the US population over a decade ago, assessment of the later NHANES cycles shows that this relationship may have become diluted by the rapid rise of other risks for diabetes, specifically, the prevalence of obesity.

The relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes: Time for a divorce?

“…14,15 Moreover, there was no link with IR (see Fig. 3 of the article), a finding also consistent with some earlier work.…”

“…3 of the article), a finding also consistent with some earlier work. 13,14,16 More important, by carefully controlling for ALT and GGT and finding a direct link to diabetes, but not with HCV infection, it begs the question of how did HCV infection really get tangled with diabetes and calls for a paradigm shift within the field. Is T2DM really a consequence of HCV infection, or an innocent bystander begging to break away?…”

Associations of chronic hepatitis C with metabolic and cardiac outcomes

“…Although the association of HCV with IR and DM has been previously reported, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] the association of HCV with hypertension is a novel finding. 3,4 In fact, in one of our previous population-based studies, 21 we reported that the association of HCV with IR and DM might have been attenuated in the last decade by the epidemics of obesity. In this study, having a larger sample from additional NHANES cycles, we confirm that the association between HCV and IR/DM, in fact, remains significant and strong at the population level.…”

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in patients with Chronic Liver Disease

“…35 Secondly, a major contribution of already present risk factors of diabetes such as positive family history and advancing age also plays an important role among HCV infected persons. 36 Advancing age (≥40 years) in HCV seropositive patients was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared to younger age group (≥18 to 40 years) on both univariate and multivariate analyses. The finding also agrees with another study conducted earlier on Mexican population.…”