Association of Household and Community Socioeconomic Position and Urbanicity with Underweight and Overweight among Women in Pakistan

Janjua, Naveed Z.; Mahmood, Bushra; Bhatti, Junaid Ahmad; Khan, M. Imran

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122314

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The results demonstrate the co-existence of dual burden of underweight and overweight in both males and females. These findings are consistent with data from South Asian neighboring countries [ 27 – 29 ]. For example, a Bangladeshi study reported that 36% of adult women and 29.1% men where underweight and 24.4% of women and 20.5% of men were overweight or obese [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and their associated risk factors in Nepalese adults: Data from a Nationwide Survey, 2016

Rawal

Kanda²,

Mahumud

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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IntroductionOver the past few decades, the total population of Nepal has increased substantially with rapid urbanization, changing lifestyle and disease patterns. There is anecdotal evidence that non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors are becoming key public health challenges. Using nationally representative survey data, we estimated the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among Nepalese adults and explored socio-demographic factors associated with these conditions.Materials and methodsWe used the Nepal Demographic Health Survey 2016 data. Sample selection was based on stratified two-stage cluster sampling in rural areas and three stages in urban areas. Weight and height were measured in all adult women and men. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using Asian specific BMI cut-points.ResultsA total of 13,542 adults aged 18 years and above (women 58.19%) had their weight and height measured. The mean (±SD) age was 40.63±16.82 years (men 42.75±17.27, women 39.15±16.34); 41.13% had no formal education and 60.97% lived in urban areas. Overall, 17.27% (95% CI: 16.64–17.91) were underweight; 31.16% (95% CI: 30.38–31.94) overweight/obese. The prevalence of both underweight (women 18.30% and men 15.83%, p<0.001) and overweight/obesity (women 32.87% and men 28.77%, p<0.001) was higher among women. The older adults (≥65 years) (aOR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.92–2.99, p<0.001) and the adults of poorest wealth quintile (aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.62–2.59, p<0.001) were more likely to be underweight. The younger age adults (36–45 years) (aOR: 3.05, 95% CI: 2.61–3.57, p<0.001) and women (aOR: 1.53, 95% CI 1.39–1.68, p<0.001) were more likely to be overweight or obese. Also, all adults were twice likely to overweight/obese (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed for overweight/obesity by ecological regions and place of residence (urban vs. rural).ConclusionThese findings confirm co-existence of double burden of underweight and overweight/obesity among Nepalese adults. These conditions are associated with increased risk of developing NCDs. Therefore, effective public health intervention approaches emphasizing improved primary health care systems for NCDs prevention and care and using multi-sectoral approach, is essential.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and their associated risk factors in Nepalese adults: Data from a Nationwide Survey, 2016

Rawal

Kanda²,

Mahumud

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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“…The study found that roughly one in three women (35%) of reproductive age in Nepal were either overweight or obese. This is almost similar to the prevalence of overweight and obesity (measured using the Asia-specific cutoff and a nationally representative sample) among women of reproductive age in neighboring South Asian countries, including Bangladesh (36%), Pakistan (39%), and Myanmar (38.7%) [16,36,37]. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among women who were older, residing in Province No.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Association between the frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Nepal: Analysis of data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016

et al. 2020

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BackgroundThe prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among women, is increasing in Nepal. Previous studies in the South Asia have found television watching to be a risk factor for overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age. However, this association had not been studied in the context of Nepal. This study aims to identify the association between frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among Nepalese women of reproductive age. MethodsThis cross-sectional study utilized the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (NDHS 2016) data. A total weighted sample of 6,031 women were included in the final analyses. The women were 15-49 years of age and were either not pregnant or had not delivered a child within the two months prior to the survey. Body mass index (BMI) was the primary outcome of this study, which was categorized using an Asia-specific cutoff value. Normal and/ or underweight was defined as a BMI <23.0 kg/m 2 , overweight was defined as a BMI between 23.0 kg/m 2 and <27.5 kg/m 2 , and obesity was defined as a BMI �27.5 kg/m 2 . Frequency of watching television was the main independent variable of this study, which was divided into the following three categories: not watching television at all, watching television PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.

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“…On the other hand, a tendency of being underweight was low in younger age-group. Although studies from Ethiopia [44], Pakistan [29] and Bangladesh [22] showed a similar observation, our study purports unbiased estimation showing more likelihood of being overweight and obesity in older women. Younger age-group women reported having low BMI in developing countries than compared to the developed countries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…We included women as our study population, keeping in mind that women in the LMICs are at higher risk of undernutrition. Studies from Nepal [27], and from other south Asian countries, including Bangladesh [22], and Pakistan [29] corroborated a high prevalence of poor nutritional status among women than compared to males. Despite concerted programmatic interventions aiming at improving the nutritional status of women, this has always been a challenge in Nepal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Spatial Distribution of Various forms of Malnutrition Among Reproductive Age Women in Nepal: A Bayesian Geoadditive Quantile Regression Approach

Vatsa

Ghimire²

2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background: Confronting the poor nutritional status of women is a major challenge for a developing country like Nepal. This paper presented a critical analysis of factors associated with malnutrition using a Bayesian geoadditive quantile regression approach and assessed spatial variations of malnutrition among Nepalese women. Methods: Data drawn from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey was used to assess the spatial distributions of four forms of malnutrition at the provincial level. Spatial and nonlinear components were estimated using Markov random ﬁelds and Bayesian P-splines, respectively. Results: Analysis of 6,159 reproductive age-group women suggests the existence of severe thinness and underweight in rural and among women residing in provinces 2, 5, and Sudurpashchim. Similarly, the likelihood of being obese was prominently high in urban residents and women in Bagmati, and Gandaki. Richest quintile women, followed by women in richer households, were more likely to be obese and overweight. Consistent findings were reported for underweight (e.g., women from poorer households, and women from households without improved toilet facility). Accessibility of mass media (e.g. newspaper, radio, TV) had inconsistent association with the forms of malnutrition. As women aged, likelihood of being overweight and obese became higher. Conclusion: Inconsistent distribution of various forms of malnutrition existed across provinces in Nepal, revealing dissimilar inﬂuence of other socio-economic variables. Health policy precisely addressing province- and location-specific under- and over-nutrition is, therefore, recommended. Elements of hygiene using mass media could be helpful to reach younger and the most impoverished sect of population.

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Association of Household and Community Socioeconomic Position and Urbanicity with Underweight and Overweight among Women in Pakistan

Cited by 29 publications

References 43 publications

Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and their associated risk factors in Nepalese adults: Data from a Nationwide Survey, 2016

Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and their associated risk factors in Nepalese adults: Data from a Nationwide Survey, 2016

Association between the frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Nepal: Analysis of data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016

Spatial Distribution of Various forms of Malnutrition Among Reproductive Age Women in Nepal: A Bayesian Geoadditive Quantile Regression Approach

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