Association of Human Eastern Equine Encephalitis With Precipitation Levels in Massachusetts

Mermel, Leonard A.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20261

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Weather patterns preceding our cases increased the productivity of mosquito larval environments and might have fostered Cs. melanura mosquitoes overwintering and early reproduction, per our trap collection timelines (1,2,(18)(19)(20)27). Indeed, EEEV-positive mosquito counts were greater than any other arbovirus in our region, reaching 20 times normal in Connecticut and 200 times normal in Massachusetts (Appendix Figure 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…melanura mosquitoes and mammal-biting bridge vectors carrying EEEV both rose distinctly (Figure 3, panel A). Climate conditions in the preceding months had shown temperatures 2.4°F above average through the summer and 2.6°F warmer during the winter; the region had 11 inches more precipitation than normal (19,20). Concordantly, 21,880 Cs.…”

Section: Local Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Four Human Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Connecticut, USA, during a Larger Regional Outbreak, 2019

Brown¹,

Cormier²,

Tuan³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by Medscape, LLC and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Medscape, LLC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. Medscape, LLC designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to 1.0 MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participants will earn MOC points equivalent to the amount of CME credits claimed for the activity. It is the CME activity provider's responsibility to submit participant completion information to ACCME for the purpose of granting ABIM MOC credit. All other clinicians completing this activity will be issued a certificate of participation. To participate in this journal CME activity: (1) review the learning objectives and author disclosures; (2) study the education content; (3) take the post-test with a 75% minimum passing score and complete the evaluation at http://www.medscape.org/journal/eid; and (4) view/print certificate. For CME questions, see page XXX.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Local Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Human Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Connecticut, USA, during a Larger Regional Outbreak, 2019

Brown¹,

Cormier²,

Tuan³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, studies both in the field and using modeling are necessary to elucidate the roles of each bird species, which would help to synthesize and consolidate knowledge regarding the eco-epidemiology of WNV in this area. These types of studies would allow us to improve the surveillance, control and management of WNV and possibly other vector-borne wildlife diseases, which are becoming increasingly important in North America [64][65][66].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec

Taieb

Ludwig

Ogden

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.

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“…Weather conditions may also directly impact mosquito development and abundance that could affect the timing and magnitude of EEE outbreaks. Historically, EEE activity occurs in multiyear cycles with epidemics occurring after periods of excessive rainfall starting during the proceeding year ( Grady et al 1978 , Mermel 2020 ). High rainfall and accumulated ground water levels in swamps will likely increase the amount of habitat for larval overwintering and development of Cs.…”

Section: Resurgence and Expansionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective

Armstrong

Andreadis

2021

Journal of Medical Entomology

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In the current review, we examine the regional history, ecology, and epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) to investigate the major drivers of disease outbreaks in the northeastern United States. EEEV was first recognized as a public health threat during an outbreak in eastern Massachusetts in 1938, but historical evidence for equine epizootics date back to the 1800s. Since then, sporadic disease outbreaks have reoccurred in the Northeast with increasing frequency and northward expansion of human cases during the last 20 yr. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) serves as the main enzootic vector that drives EEEV transmission among wild birds, but this mosquito species will occasionally feed on mammals. Several species have been implicated as bridge vectors to horses and humans, with Coquilletstidia perturbans (Walker) as a leading suspect based on its opportunistic feeding behavior, vector competence, and high infection rates during recent disease outbreaks. A diversity of bird species are reservoir competent, exposed to EEEV, and serve as hosts for Cs. melanura, with a few species, including the wood thrush (Hlocichia mustelina) and the American robin (Turdus migratorius), contributing disproportionately to virus transmission based on available evidence. The major factors responsible for the sustained resurgence of EEEV are considered and may be linked to regional landscape and climate changes that support higher mosquito densities and more intense virus transmission.

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Association of Human Eastern Equine Encephalitis With Precipitation Levels in Massachusetts

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Four Human Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Connecticut, USA, during a Larger Regional Outbreak, 2019

Four Human Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Connecticut, USA, during a Larger Regional Outbreak, 2019

Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec

Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective

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