Association of hypoglycaemia in screening oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy with low birth weight fetus

Abstract

BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic derangement in pregnant women. In the women identified to be at high risk of GDM, a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 wk gestation is the recommended screening test in the United Kingdom as per National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Hypoglycaemia following the glucose load is often encountered and the implication of this finding for the pregnancy, fetus and clinical care is unclear. AIM To determine the prevalence of hypoglycaemia at any time during the screening OGTT and explore its association with birth weight. METHODS All deliveries between 2009 and 2013 at the local maternity unit of the University hospital were reviewed. Of the total number of 24,154 women without pre-existing diabetes, those who had an OGTT for GDM screening based on NICE recommended risk stratification, who had a singleton delivery and had complete clinical and demographic data for analysis, were included for this study ( n = 3537). Blood samples for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) and HbA 1c had been obtained. Birth weight was categorised as low (≤ 2500 g), normal or Macrosomia (≥ 4500 g) and blood glucose ≤ 3.5 mmol/L was used to define hypoglycaemia. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association of various independent factors with dichotomized variables; the differences between frequencies/proportions by χ 2 test and comparison between group means was by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Amongst the study cohort (3537 deliveries), 96 (2.7%) women had babies with LBW (< 2500 g). Women who delivered a LBW baby had significantly lower FPG (4.3 ± 0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.001). The proportion of women who had a 2-h PG ≤ 3.5 mmol/L in the LBW cohort was significantly higher compared to the cohorts with normal and macrosomic babies (8.3% vs 2.8% vs 4.2%; P = 0.007). The factors which predicted LBW were FPG, Asian ethnicity and 2-h PG ≤ 3.5 mmol/L, whereas maternal age, 2-h PG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and HbA 1c were not significant predictors. CONCLUSION A low FPG and 2-h PG ≤ 3.5 mmol/L on 75-gram OGTT are significantly associated with low birth weight in women identified as high risk for GDM. Women of ethnic backgrounds (Asians) appear to be more susceptible to this increased risk and may serve as a separate cohort in whom we should offer more intensive follow up and screening for complications. Cost implications and resources for follow up would need to be looked at in further detail to support these findings.

Maternal Pre-conception Body Mass Index and Fasting Plasma Glucose With the Risk of Pre-term Birth: A Cohort Study Including 4.9 Million Chinese Women

“…Previously, maternal hypoglycemia during pregnancy has been linked to intra uterine growth retardation and low birth weight ( 31 ). Seldom study had precisely explored the effect of hypoglycemia on PTB.…”

“…Women with hypoglycemia not caused by hypoglycaemic agent intake may have poor physical conditions, such as malnutrition and some other chronic diseases. Low maternal glucose might hinder growth-promoting aspects of the fetus' environment ( 31 ), then may result in pre-term delivery.…”

Reactive hypoglycaemia during the OGTT after gestational diabetes mellitus: Metabolic implications and evolution

“…11 The post-OGTT RH during pregnancy has been associated with adverse neonatal complications such as low birth weight and frequent hospitalization. 6,8,12 Although it is recommended to perform OGTT in women after GDM for postpartum re-evaluation of glucose tolerance, data regarding the occurrence of RH as well as their physiological correlates are lacking. 13 RH can carry significant morbidity in the general population.…”

“… 11 The post‐OGTT RH during pregnancy has been associated with adverse neonatal complications such as low birth weight and frequent hospitalization. 6 , 8 , 12 …”

Glucose Homeostasis, Fetal Growth and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy after Bariatric Surgery: A Scoping Review

“…In the 1970s and 1980s, several authors report on the association between maternal hypoglycemia during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intra uterine growth restriction [26][27][28]. A recent paper in a non-bariatric surgery population confirmed a significant association between low fasting plasma glucose and hypoglycemia during standard 2 h 75 gr OGTT and low birth weight [29].…”