Association of PPAR‐γ2 and β3‐AR Polymorphisms With Postmenopausal Hypertension

Abstract

The aim of this study was to test the association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-c2) (Pro12Ala, C1431T) and b3-AR (Trp64Arg) polymorphisms with metabolic, nutritional, and blood pressure parameters in 271 postmenopausal women (151 hypertensive and 120 normotensive controls). The TaqMan genotyping assay and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to determine the distributions of selected alleles and genotype frequencies. Nutritional status was determined by a bioimpedance method and dietary habits were assessed via 7-day dietary recall. The distribution of selected genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ between hypertensive women and normal controls after analysis by chi-square test. The postmenopausal hypertensive women were older and had higher body fat mass, serum glucose, and triglyceride levels. The cluster analysis showed that the hypertensive group with Pro12Pro genotype had highest pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure values when compared with Pro12Ala patients. In the logistic regression analysis, blood glucose (Pro12Ala polymorphism) and energy intake (C1431Tand T1431T polymorphisms) determined hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2015;17:549-556. ª 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Increased body weight, insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, abnormal blood lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and hypertension (HTN) contribute to cardiovascular diseases.1-4 With aging, a greater incidence of HTN and cardiovascular complications is widely observed in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women. 5,6 The hypertensive state is often associated with dyslipidemia, 7 obesity (nearly 40% of hypertensive patients are obese), 8 and IR. 9 Moreover, blood pressure (BP) in women presents specific hemodynamic characteristics, and, in the postmenopausal age, the role of pulse pressure (PP) predominates over that of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the mechanism of high BP. The stiffness of the large elastic arteries in cardiothoracic (central) circulation increases with age 10 and it results in progressive age-associated elevations in SBP and PP. These changes accelerate after the age of 50 and are much greater in women than in men. 5,6 Studies have shown that PPAR-c2 polymorphisms (Pro12Ala, C14131T) and b-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms (b3-AR Trp64Arg) may have an important impact on adipose tissue, 11 metabolic parameters, 12,13 and inflammation in the vasculature, and through their influence determine high BP.14,15 Some data have indicated that Pro12Pro normoglycemic homozygotes had significantly higher incidence of HTN 16 and higher diastolic BP (DBP) 17 when compared with Ala12 carriers. However, the association between the Pro12Ala variants and arterial BP remains controversial and most other studies could not demonstrate such an association, 18,19 while some even indicated that Ala12 carriers had higher BP. 20 Besides this, the polymorphisms have been mostly studied separately (not in constellation) in patients with diabetes mellitus or o...

Genetic Background of Hypertension in Connective Tissue Diseases

“…The analyzed frequency of the Ala12 allele carrier was similar to the allele frequencies in other Caucasian populations (0.11-0.13), including those of Polish ethnicity [2,4,25]. The frequencies of the T1431 and Arg64 allele carriers were also comparable to frequencies observed in Polish subjects (T1431 (frequency 0.148) and Arg64 (frequency 0.101)) [24].…”

“…A detailed description of the methodology was included in our previous studies [2,18,24]. DNA samples from patients and controls were isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes with a Gentra Puregene Blood Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).…”

Associations between PPARG polymorphisms and the risk of essential hypertension

“…Fig 1 lists the flow diagram of the article selection process. The 17 studies (15 papers) evaluated the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism and EH risk, including 4,151 cases and 4,997 controls [13–16, 18–20, 23, 26, 29–34]. Among these papers, two articles [31, 33] contained two subgroups with two independent results, respectively, so we analysed each as two separate studies.…”

“…Most of the studies were conducted in Asians, with only three studies in Caucasians. The Ala allelic frequency in controls ranged from 0.28% in the Dong HR et al study to 29.0% in the study by Wang et al Five studies evaluated the PPARG C161T polymorphism and EH risk, including 1,118 cases and 1,357 controls [23–26, 34]. All studies were conducted in Chinese, except for the Grygiel-Górniak et al study.…”

Genomic Research in Postmenopausal Hypertension

“…In the present issue of The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, Grygiel‐Górniak and colleagues evaluated the role of variants of PPAR‐γ and β3 ‐adrenergic receptors in postmenopausal women free of metabolic disease with and without hypertension in order to investigate whether postmenopausal hypertension has a genetically plausible substrate. The rationale to perform this study was that most studied SNPs were previously investigated separately and not in constellation and mainly in patients with treated metabolic disease (eg, diabetes mellitus and obesity).…”